ျမန္မာအမ်ိဳးသမီး၇ ဦးေသဆံုး

ျမန္မာ အမ်ိဳးသမီး ၇ ဦး ထိုင္းတြင္ ေသဆံုး

ထိုင္းရဲက တားဆီးသည္ကို လက္မခံဘဲ ေမာင္းေျပး ေသာေၾကာင့္ ယဥ္တိုက္မႈ ျဖစ္ကာ ယာဥ္ေပၚ ပါလာေသာ ျမန္မာ အမ်ိဳးသမီး ၇ ဦးႏွင့္ ထိုင္းအမ်ိဳသား ၁ ဦးတို႔ ယမန္ေန႔က ေသဆံုးခဲ့ ရသည္။ယဥ္ေပၚ ပါလာသူ အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ားမွာ ထိုင္း-ျမန္မာ နယ္စပ္ကို တရားမဝင္ ျဖတ္ေက်ာ္ခဲ့ၿပီး အလုပ္ရွာေဖြရန္ ေရာက္ရွိ လာသူမ်ားျဖစ္၍ မြန္ႏွင့္ ထားဝယ္ တိုင္းရင္းသူမ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကေၾကာင္း ၾကားသိရသည္။ထိုင္း-ျမန္မာ နယ္စပ္အနီး ကန္ခ်နဘူရီ နယ္အတြင္းရွိ အႀကီးဆံုးေသာ စစ္ေဆးေရးဂိတ္ကို ျဖတ္ေက်ာ္စဥ္ ထိုင္းရဲမ်ားက ကားကိုစစ္ေဆးရန္ ရပ္တံ့ေစရာ မရပ္ဘဲ ေမာင္းေျပးသျဖင့္ ဓာတ္တိုင္ႏွင့္ ဝင္တိုက္မိၿပီး ေသဆံုးရသည္ဟု ေအအက္ဖ္ပီ သတင္းတြင္ ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။“အဲဒီ လမ္းေၾကာင္းက တရားမဝင္ ခိုးဝင္တဲ့ သူေတြသြားတဲ့ လမ္းေၾကာင္းပဲ။ အဲဒီဂိတ္ႀကီး မတိုင္ခင္ ဂိတ္တခု ရွိေသးတယ္။ ပထမဂိတ္မွာ အဲဒီကား လြတ္သြားပံုရတယ္” ဟု ထိုေဒသႏွင့္ ကၽြမ္းဝင္နီးစပ္သူ တဦးက ေျပာျပသည္။ထိုင္းအလုပ္သမား ဝန္ႀကီးဌာန၏ ထုတ္ျပန္ခ်က္အရ ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္း အလုပ္သမား ၅၄၀၀၀၀ မွတ္ပံုတင္ထားၿပီး အမ်ားစုမွာ ျမန္မာမ်ား ျဖစ္သည္ဟု ဆိုသည္။ ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံတြင္း တရားမဝင္ အလုပ္လုပ္ေနသူ ဦးေရမွာ သန္းႏွင့္ခ်ီ၍ ရွိေၾကာင္း သိရွိရသည္။ဧၿပီလ အတြင္းကလည္း ထိုင္း-ျမန္မာ နယ္စပ္ကို ျဖတ္ေက်ာ္ ဝင္ေရာက္လာသည့္ အလံုပိတ္ အေအးခန္း ကားတစီးထဲတြင္ သယ္ေဆာင္လာေသာ တရားမဝင္ ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္း အလုပ္သမား ကေလး၊ လူႀကီး ၅၄ ဦး အသက္႐ွဴ မြန္းၾကပ္ကာ ေသဆံုးမႈ ျဖစ္ပြားခဲ့ေသးသည္။ျမန္မာျပည္တြင္ အလုပ္အကိုင္ ရွားပါးျခင္းေၾကာင့္ အိမ္နီးခ်င္း ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားသို႔ နယ္စပ္မွ တရားမဝင္ ျဖတ္ေက်ာ္ကာ အလုပ္လုပ္ရန္ လာေရာက္သူမ်ား ေန႔စဥ္ရွိေနၿပီး တခ်ိဳ႕မွာ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ ႏိုင္ငံရဲမ်ား၏ အဖမ္းအဆီး ခံရျခင္း၊ ဒုကၡမ်ိဳးစံု ႀကံဳေတြ႕ရျခင္းအျပင္ အသက္ ဆံုး႐ႈံးရသည္မ်ား မၾကာခဏ ၾကားသိရသည္။ထိုင္းႏုိင္ငံတြင္ လာေရာက္ အလုပ္အကိုင္ ရွာေဖြေသာ တရားမဝင္ ျမန္မာေရႊ႕ေျပာင္း အလုပ္သမားမ်ားမွာ လုပ္ခနည္းျခင္း၊ အလုပ္ခ်ိန္မ်ားျပားျခင္း တစ္ခါတရံ အႏိုင္က်င့္ ခံရျခင္းမ်ား ရွိသည့္ျပင္ လက္ရွိ ကမၻာ့ စီးပြားေရး အၾကပ္အတည္းၾကာင့္ အလုပ္သမား ေလွ်ာ့ခ်ျခင္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ရင္ဆိုင္ေနၾကရသည္။ဒီဇင္ဘာ ၂ ရက္ေန႔ထုတ္ ျမန္မာ့အလင္း သတင္းစာတြင္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး သိန္းစိန္က ျမန္မာ ႏိုင္ငံတြင္း၌ ျပည္ပသို႔ တရားဝင္ ေစလႊတ္ထားသည့္ အလုပ္သမားမွာ ၄၆၀၅၇ ဦးသာရွိၿပီး တရားမဝင္ သြားေရာက္ အလုပ္ လုပ္ကိုင္သူမ်ားမွာ ၂ သန္းခန္႔ ရွိသျဖင့္ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားက ၎ အလုပ္သမားမ်ားကို ျပန္လည္ ေစလႊတ္ခဲ့လွ်င္ ၎တို႔အတြက္ ေနထိုင္စရာႏွင့္ အလုပ္အကိုင္မ်ား အသင့္ရွိေနသည္ဟု ေျပာထားသည္။ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး သိန္းစိန္က ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္း၌ အလုပ္အကိုင္ အခြင့္အလမ္း မ်ားစြာရွိသည္ဟု ဆိုထား ေသာ္လည္း ျပည္တြင္းမွ အဆက္မျပတ္ ခိုးထြက္ေနေသာ အလုပ္သမားမ်ားမွာ မ်ားစြာရွိေနဆဲပင္ ျဖစ္သည္။

ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားအလံေတာ္

ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားအလံေတာ္
၁၉၃၆ခုႏွစ္ ေဒါက္တာဘေမာ္၏ ညြန္ ့ေပါင္းအစိုးရလက္ထက္တြင္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားအမ်ိဳးသား အဖြဲ ့ခ်ဳပ္ ႀကီး ၏ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္အရ လႊတ္ေတာ္အတြင္းရွိ ကရင္အမတ္မ်ားသည္
(၁) ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့(ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားေန ့)
(၂) ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားသီိခ်င္း
(၃) ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားအလံေတာ္ စသည္တို ့ကို ေတာင္းဆိုခဲ့ႀကသည္၊၊
ဤေတာင္းဆိုခ်က္မ်ားရရွိေသာအခါ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားအဖြဲ ့ခ်ဳက္ႀကီးသည္ ကရင္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳး သားမ်ားထံ “ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားအလံ” ပံုစံမ်ားေရးစြဲ၍ တင္ပို ့ႀကရန္ေမတၲာရပ္ခံခဲ့သည္။ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသား အဖြဲ ့ ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး ၏ ေမတၲာရပ္ခံခ်က္အရ အနယ္နယ္အရရရွိ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ားထံမွ အလံပံုစံေပါင္း တစ္ရာေက်ာ္ေရာက္ရွိလာခဲ့ သည္။ ။
ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားအဖြဲ ့ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးသည္ ေရွာက္ရွိလာေသာ ကရင္အလံပံုစ့တစ္ရာအနက္မွ အလံပံုစံ ၁၂ ခုကို ပဏာမ အ ဆင့္ ေရြးခ်ယ္လိုက္သည္။ထိုမွတဆင့္ (၁၂)ခုအနက္မွစိတ္ႀကိဳက္(၃)ခုကို ထပ္မံေရြး ခ်ယ္ခဲ ့သည္။ ေနာက္ဆံုး(၃)ခုမွ အသင့္ေတာ္ဆံုးအႀကိဳက္ဆံုးတစ္ခုကို အတည္ျပဳေရြးခ်ယ္ခဲ့သည္။ ဤသို ့ေနာက္ဆံုးအတည္ျပဳေရြး ခ်ယ္လိုက္ေသာ အလံ မွာမန္းဘခင္(၀န္ႀကီးေဟာင္း) ေရးဆြဲေသာအလံ ပံုစံပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ယခုတရား၀င္အတည္ျပဳသံုးစြဲ ေနေသာ အလံေတာ္သည္ ဤအလံပင္ျဖစ္သည္။
အနီေရာင္၊ အျဖဴေရာင္၊ အျပာေရာင္ သံုးေရာင္ျခယ္ေပၚတြင္ တက္သစ္စေန၀န္းႏွင့္ဖားစည္ပါရွိေသာ အလံသည္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားအလံပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ဤသို ့အနီ၊ အျဖဴ၊ အျပာ သံုးေရာင္ျခယ္ႏွင့္ တက္သစ္စေန၀န္း ဖားစည္ပါရွိေသာ အလံႏွင့္ပတ္သက္၍ အဓိပၸယ္္အႏွစ္သာရကို အလံပံုစံရွင္ မန္းဘခင္ သည္ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း အဓိပၸယ္ႏွင့္အႏွစ္သာရ ကို ေဖာ္ေဆာ္ထားေပသည္။
(၁) အလံေတာ္၏ အနီေရာင္သည္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ား၏ ရဲရင့္ျခင္းႏွင့္ သူရသတၲိျပည့္စံုျခင္းကို ေဖာ္ေဆာ္သည္။
(၂) အလံေတာ္၏ အျဖဴေရာင္သည္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ား၏ဘ၀ႏွင့္ စိတ္ထားမ်ားျဖဴစင္သန္ ့ရွင္းစင္ႀကယ္ျခင္းကို ေဖာ္ေဆာင္ထားသည္။
(၃) အလံေတာ္၏အျပာႏုေရာင္သည္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ား၏ ေျဖာင္မတ္တည္ႀကည္ျခင္းႏွင္သစၥာရွိျခင္းကို ေဖာ္ ေဆာင္ထားသည္။
(၄) အလံေတာ္၏ တက္သစ္စေန၀န္းသည္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ား၏ လူမွဳေရးဘ၀တိုးတက္သာယာေရးကို ေဖာ္ ေဆာ္ထားသည္။
(၅) အလံေတာ္၏ ဖားစည္သည္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ား၏ ယဥ္ေက်းမွဳႏွင့္သာယာ၀ေျပာျခင္းကို ေဖာ္ေဆာ္ထားသည္။
ကရင္္အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ားသည္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားအလံေတာ္ကို လူထုအစည္းအေ၀းပြဲမ်ားႏွင့္ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားႏွစ္သစ္ ကူးေန ့အခမ္းအနားမ်ားတြင္ ျပည္ေထာင္စုအလံေတာ္ႏွင့္ယဥ္တြဲ၍ စိုက္ထူႀကသည္။ ။

ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ အသိအမွတ္ျပဳျခင္း ဥပေဒၾကမ္း ၁၉၃၇
ဥပေဒၾကမ္းအမွတ္ - ၂၆ - ၁၉၃၇
နိဒါန္း၊ ၊ ၊ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ အသိအမွတ္ျပဳျခင္း ဥပေဒၾကမ္းကုိ ထုတ္ျပန္လုိအပ္လွ်က္ရွိသည္။ ဤ
သုိ ့ ေသာ အေၾကာင္းေၾကာင့္ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္း ျပဌာန္းလုိက္ပါသည္။
၁။ အမည္ ။ အက်ယ္အ၀န္းႏွင့္ စတင္ အာဏာတည္ေသာေန ့။
(၁) ဤဥပေဒကုိ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားမ်ား ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ အသိအမွတ္ျပျခင္း ဥပေဒ ၁၉၃၇ ဟု ေခၚတြင္ေစရမည္။
(၂) ဤဥပေဒသည္ ဘုရင္ခံက ေၾကျငာခ်က္ထုတ္ျပန္ေသာေန ့မွအစျပဳ၍ အထူးသျဖင့္ ယခုေၾကျငာေသာအခ်ိန္မွစ၍ ခ်က္ခ်င္းအာဏာတည္ေစရမည္။
(၃) ဤဥပေဒသည္ ၿဗိတိသွ် ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံတ၀ွမ္းလုံးကုိ အာဏာသက္ေရာက္ေစရမည္။
၂။ ရွင္းလက္ခ်က္
(၁) ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားဆုိသည္မွာ ၎တုိ ့၏အမ်ဳိးဇတ္၊ ဘာသာအယူ၀ါဒ၊ ယုံၾကည္ကုိးကြယ္မႈတုိ ့ႏွင့္ မသက္ဆုိင္ဘဲ၊ အားလုံးေသာ ကရင္မ်ဳိးႏြယ္မ်ား ၊ မ်ဳိးႏြယ္စုမ်ား၊ မိသားစု၀င္အႏြယ္တူလူမ်ဳိးမ်ားအားလုံးကုိ ဆုိလုိသည္။
(၂) ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့သည္ အျခားေသာတုိင္းရင္းသား၊ ျပည္သူမ်ား၊ အမ်ဳိးသားမ်ား၏ ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ အထိမ္အမွတ္မ်ား၏ ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့အတုိင္းပင္ အတိအက် အဓိပၸါယ္ရေပသည္။ ေကာင္းျမတ္ေသာႏွစ္၏ ပထမေန ့ ျဖစ္၏။ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားမ်ား ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့သည္ ျမန္မာျပကၡဒိန္၊ ျပာသုိလဆန္း (၁)ရက္ေန ့ႏွင့္ ဆီေလ်ာ္သည့္ အတုိင္း ကရင္ျပကၡဒိန္အရ (သေလး)လဆန္း(၁)ရက္ (သုိ ့မဟုတ္)(၂)ရက္တြင္ က်ေရာက္ေပသည္။ ႏွစ္သစ္အလုိ ့ ငွာ ဤ (သေလး)လ (ျပာသိုလဆန္း)(၁)ရက္ေန ့ က်ေရာက္ေသာအခါ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားမ်ားသည္ အိမ္သစ္မ်ားကုိ တည္ေဆာက္ၾကသည္။ ပစၥည္းမ်ားကုိ အသစ္ျပဳျပင္ၾက၏။ ထုိ ့အျပင္ ေတာင္ကုန္းထူထပ္ေသာေနရာသစ္တုိ ့၌ ေတာင္ယာသစ္မ်ားကုိလည္း သတ္မွတ္ၾကသည္။ ဤေန ့မ်ားကုိ အားစလုံးေသာကရင္မ်ားက ေနရာတုိင္းမွာ အသိအမွတ္ျပဳၾကသည္။ ရုပ္တု ကုိယ္ကြယ္သူကရင္မ်ားက နတ္မ်ားကုိ ကုိးကြယ္ပသျခင္း စသည္ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဗုဒၶဘာသာကရင္မ်ားက ဘုရားရွိခုိးၾကျခင္း၊ ေက်ာင္းဇရပ္သြားျခင္း၊ သံဃာေတာ္မ်ားထံမွ တရားနာျခင္း စသည္ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း။ ခရစ္ယာန္ဘာသာကရင္မ်ားက ဆုေတာင္းဘုရားရွိခုိးျခင္း စသည္တုိ ့အျပင္ သက္ဆုိင္ရာ ယုံၾကည္ကုိးကြယ္မႈအလုိက္ ကရင္မ်ဳိးႏြယ္စုအားလုံးသည္ ၾကီးစြာေသ ာ စည္းေ၀းျခင္းမ်ားျပဳလွ်က္ စုရုံးၾကေသာ ဘာသာေရးပြဲေတာ္မ်ားကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ၾကေပသည္။ သုိ ့ျဖစ္၍ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားမ်ား၏ သမုိင္းတြင္ ဤေန ့မ်ားသည္ အၾကီးက်ယ္ဆုံးေသာ ေပ်ာ္ပြဲရႊင္ပြဲေန ့မ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကေပသည္။
ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားေန ့ျဖစ္ေပၚလာပံု
၁၉၄၈ခုႏွစ္ေဖေဖာ္၀ါရီလ (၃) ရက္ေန ့တြင္ KNU ကရင္္အမ်ိဳးသားအစည္းအရံုးက ဖဆပလ အစိုးရထံ ပရင္ျပည္ေပး ရန္ စာေရးေတာင္းဆိုခဲ့သည္။ စာကို တလအတြင္း (၁၉၄၈) ခုႏွစ္၊ မတ္လ (၃) ရက္ေန ့ေနာက္ဆုံးထားျပီး ဖစပလ အစ္ိုရမွ KNU ထံ အေၾကာင္းျပန္ရန္၊ ျပန္စာမရရွိပါက (သုိ ့မဟုတတ္) ကရင္ျပည္ျပန္ေပးဖုိ ့ရန္ ျငင္းဆိုပါက ကရင္ အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ား ေျခတလွမ္း တက္လွမ္းမည္ဟု ပါရွိပါသည္။ ကရင္ျပည္ေတာင္းဆိုစာ ပိုမိုေလးနက္ေစရန္ ေဖေဖၚ၀ါရီ လ (၁၁)ရက္ေန ့၌ ျမန္မာတျပည္လုံးရိွ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ားအားလုံး ကရင္ျပည္လိုလားေၾကာင္း ျမိဳ ့ေပၚတက္ ကရင္ လူဆႏၵျပပြဲ က်င္းပရန္ ဆုံးျဖတ္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ယင္ဆုံးျဖတ္ခ်က္အတိုင္း (၁၉၄၈) ခုႏွစ္၊ ေဖေဖၚ၀ါရီလ (၁၁) ရက္ေန ့ တြင္ ျမန္မာျပည္တျပည္လုံးရွိ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ားျမိဳ ့ေပၚတက္၍ ကရင္ျပည္လိုလားေၾကာင္း ကရင္လူထူဆႏၵျပပြဲ က်င္းပေလသည္။
ေအာက္ျမန္မာျပည္ ကရင္အမ်ားစု ရွိရာေဒသမ်ားတြင္သာမက ေျမာက္ဖက္ျမစ္ၾကီးနားမွ ေတာင္ဖက္ျမိတ္ျမိဳ ့အထိ၊ ရွမ္းျပည္နယ္တြင္ နမ့္ခမ္း၊ ကြတ္ခိုင္၊ လားရႈိး၊ ေတာင္ၾကီး၊ က်ိဳင္းတုံ၊ ျမန္မာျပည္အလယ္ပိုင္းတြင္ မိတၳီလာ၊ ေခ်ာက္၊ ေရနံေခ်ာင္း စသည္ျဖင့္ တျပည္လုံးတြင္ ဆႏၵျပၾကသည္။ ရန္သူဖဆကလမွလည္း ျခိမ္းေျခာက္ေႏွာက္ယွက္ တား ျမစ္ျခင္းကို အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့သည္။ သို ့ေသာ္ ေႏွာက္ယွက္တားျမစ္ျခင္း အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးၾကားမွ ကရင္တမ်ိဳးသားလုံး (၂) ရက္၊ (၃) ရက္ခရီးမ်ားခ်ီတက္၍ ဆႏၵျပရာ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသား၊ အမ်ိဳးသမီးေပါင္း (၄)သိန္းေက်ာ္ အသံတိတ္ ဆႏၵျပ၍ ထိုေန ့ရက္အထိ ျမန္မာျပည္သမိုင္းတြင္ အၾကီးမားဆုံး ဆႏၵျပပြဲျဖစ္ခဲ့သည္။
ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားမ်းသည္ ေၾကြးေၾကာ္သံ (၄) ခ်က္ျဖင့္ ခ်ီတက္ဆႏၵျပခဲ့ၾကသည္။
(၁) ကရင္ျပည္ခ်က္ျခင္းျပန္ေပး၊ (၂) ကရင္တက်ပ္၊ ဗမာတက်ပ္
(၃) လူမ်ိဳးေရးအဓိကရုဏ္း အလိုမရွိ၊ (၄) ျပည္တြင္းစစ္အလိုုမရွိ
စသည့္ေၾကြးေၾကာ္သံမ်ားပါေသာ ပိုစတာမ်ား ကိုင္စြဲျပီး ျမိဳ ့မ်ားအတြင္းလွည့္လည္၍ ျငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအသံတိတ္ ဆႏၵျပၾက ရာ ျမန္မာျပည္သမိုင္းတြင္ စည္ကမ္းအရွိဆုံး ဆႏၵျုပပြဲအျဖစ္ သမိုင္းတြင္ရစ္ခဲ့သည္။ ဤႏုိင္ငံေရး ေၾကြးေၾကြာ္သံမ်ား သည္ ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးမ်ားအေနႏွင့္အျခားလူမ်ားနည္းတူ အမ်ိဳးသားတနး္တူေရးႏွင့္ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ျပဌာန္းခြင့္ကိုလုိလားေၾကာင္း ျပည္တြင္းစစ္ကိုမလိုလားေၾကာင္း၊ ႏိုင္ငံေရးျပသနာကို ႏိုင္ငံေရးနည္းႏွင့္သာ တရားမ်ွတစြာ ေျဖရွင္းလိုေၾကာင္း ပြင့္ပြင့္ လင္းလင္း ေဖာ္ျပျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။ ကရင္ကံၾကမၼာကရင္ဖန္တီးခြင့္ရရွိေရးႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားေရး လႈပ္ ရွားမႈ သမိုင္းၾကီးသည္ ႏုိင္ငံေရးသမိုင္းတစု၊ သာမန္လူတစု၏ လႈပ္ရွားမႈမဟုတ္ဘဲ တမ်ိဳးသားလုံးလကၡဏာေဆာင္ သည္ ပရင္အမ်ိဳးသားေရး လႈပ္ရွားမႈၾကီး ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကို ကရင္လူထူဆႏၵျပပြဲၾကီးက ေဖၚထုပ္ျပသလိုက္ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ တဆက္တည္းမွာပင္ ပရင္အမ်ိဳးသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈႏွင့္ ကရင္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသည္ ျပည္ပေသြးထုိးမႈေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ေပၚလာျခင္း မဟုတ္ေၾကာင္း ျပသလိုက္ျခင္းပင္ျဖစ္သည္။
ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားထု ဆႏၵျပပြဲ၏ ႏုိင္ငံေရးအဓိပၸါယ္ ကရင္တမ်ိဳးသားလုံး၏ ႏုိင္ငံေရးအသိ မ်ိဳးခ်စ္ျပည္ခ်စ္ စိတ္ဓါတ္ကို ေမြးထုပ္ျပသည့္ေန၊ ပရင္တမ်ိဳးသားလုံး၏ စည္းလုံးညီညြတ္မႈကို ေဖာ္ထုပ္ျပသည့္ေန ့၊ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ား၏ ဇာတိ ေသြး၊ ဇာတိမာန္ကို ရဲရဲေတာက္ ေဖာ္ထုပ္ျပသည့္ေန ့၊ ႏုိင္ငံေရး လက္ဦးမႈကို ကရင္မ်ားရယူသည့္ေန ့၊ ကရင္ကိုကမၻာ က ပိုမိုသိေစသည့္ေန ့ပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ အဆုိပါအေၾကာင္းမ်ားေၾကာင့္ (၁၉၅၃)ခုႏွစ္၊ ႏို၀င္ဘာလ (၂၃) ရက္မွ (၂၅) ရက္ ေန ့အထိ ဖာပြန္ျမိဳ ့တြင္က်င့္ပေသာ ေကာ္သူေလးျပည္လုံးဆိုင္ရာ
ကြန္ကရက္မွ ေဖေဖၚ၀ါရီလ (၁၁) ရက္ေန ့ကို ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားေန ့ဟု သတ္မွတ္က်င့္ပရန္ ျမစ္၀က်ြန္းေပၚအမွတ္ (၁) ခရိုင္ဥကၠဌ ဦးေက်ာ္ေအးက အဆိုျပဳျပီး ျမစ္၀ကၽြန္းေပၚ အမွတ္ (၁) တပ္မမႈး ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေပၚထူးက ေထာက္ခံ၍ ကြန္က ရက္ ကိုယ္စားလွယ္မ်ားက ကန္ ့ကြက္သူလုံး၀မရွိဘဲ တညီတညြတ္တည္း အတည္ျပဳလိုက္ရာ ကရင္လူထူဆႏၵျပပြဲ ျဖစ္သည့္ ေဖေဖၚ၀ါရီလ (၁၁) ရက္ေန ့သည္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားေန ့ ျဖစ္လာေလသည္။

ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့
လူမ်ဳိးအသီးသီးတုိ ့သည္ မိမိတုိ ့၏ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ သဘာ၀၊ ေတာေတာင္၊ ေရေျမ၊ ရာသီဥတု၊ သစ္ပင္ပန္းမန္၊ေန၊ လ၊ နကၡတုိ ့ကုိ ေလ့လာမွတ္သား၍၊ အခ်ိန္ကာလ အပုိင္အးျခားတုိ ့ ခြဲျခားသိျမင္ၾကသည္။
ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးတုိ ့သည္ ေရွးပေ၀သဏီကစ၍ အခ်ိန္အကန္ ့အသတ္ကုိ ၾကည့္ၿပီး၊ တစ္ရက္၊ တစ္လ၊ တစ္ႏွစ္ ဟု သတ္မွတ္ကာ အမည္နာမေပးၾကပါသည္။ မိမိတုိ ့၏ ပထမလကုိ စေကာကရင္ဘာသာျဖင့္ “သေလ” ပုိးကရင္ဘာသာျဖင့္ “ထုိက္ေခါက္ဖုိး”ဟု ေခၚၾကပါသည္။
ထုိသို ့ တစ္ႏွစ္ဆန္းလွ်င္ မိမိတုိ ့ ဓေလ့ထုံးစံအရ၊ ေပ်ာ္ပြဲရႊင္ပြဲမ်ား က်င္းပျခင္း၊ ယစ္နတ္ပူေဇာ္ျခင္း၊ လူၾကီးသူမမ်ားအား ကန္ေတာ့ျခင္းမ်ားကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ၾကပါသည္။
-“ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ေရာက္လာၿပီ
-ေရခ်ဳိးေခါင္းေလွ်ာ္ စိတ္သန္ ့စင္
- လူၾကီးသူမ ကန္ေတာ့ၾက
-ဆုံးမ ပဲ့ျပင္နာခံမွတ္”။
ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားမ်ားသည္ “သေလ”လ ၊ (ထုိက္ေခါက္ဖုိး)ကုိ ပထမလအျဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္၍ လဆန္းတစ္ရက္ေန ့ကုိ ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့အျဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္ခဲ့ပါသည္။ “သေလ”လ ၊ (ထုိက္ေခါက္ဖုိး)လသည္ ျမန္မာအားျဖင့္ “ျပာသုိလ”ျဖစ္၍ ျပာသုိလဆန္းတစ္ရက္ေန ့သည္ “ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ျဖစ္ပါသည္။
သုိ ့ေသာ္လည္း ေရွးအခါက ဤေန ့ဤရက္ကုိ ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့အျဖစ္ ေျမျပန္ ့ေဒသကရင္အခ်ဳိ ့ႏွင့္ ေတာင္ေပၚကရင္အခ်ဳိ ့တုိ ့သည္ ႏွစ္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာကတည္းက က်င္းပခဲ့ၾကပါသည္။
သုိ ့ရာတြင္ ကရင္ခရစ္ယာန္ဘာသာ၀င္မ်ားသည္ အျပည္ျပည္ဆုိင္ရာႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ျဖစ္ေသာ ဇန္န၀ါရီလ တစ္ရက္ေန ့ကုိ က်င္းပသည့္နည္းတူ၊ ကရင္ဗုဒၶဘာသာ၀င္မ်ားသည္လည္း တန္ခူးလ (သၾကၤန္)အၿပီး ႏွစ္ဆန္းတစ္ရက္ေန ့ကုိ က်င္းပၾကပါသည္။
ထုိ ့အျပင္ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိး ဖုိးပုိက္ဆံဘာသာ၀င္မ်ားသည္ တပုိ ့တြဲလဆန္း (၄)ရက္ ေန ့ကုိ၎၊ ရေသ့ဘာသာ၀င္ ကရင္မ်ားကလည္း တေပါင္းလျပည့္ေက်ာ္(၁)ရက္ေန ့ကုိ၎ အသီးသီး ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ကုိ တကြဲတျပားဆီ က်င္းပခဲ့ၾကပါသည္။
ထုိသုိ ့ ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ကုိ အကြဲကြဲအျပားျပား က်င္းပၾကေသာေၾကာင့္ စိတ္၀မ္းကြဲမႈမ်ားလည္း ရွိေနၾကပါသည္။ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားေခါင္းေဆာင္ၾကီးမ်ားျဖစ္ၾကေသာ ေဒါက္တာ တီသံျပာ၊ ဦးလူနီ၊ ေဒါက္တာျမတ္စံ၊ ဦးစံလုံးႏွင့္ အျခားေသာ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားေခါင္းေဆာင္ၾကီးမ်ား ပါ၀င္ေသာ “ေဒါကလူ”ေခၚ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားအသင္းၾကီး၊ Karen National Association (KNA)၊ အသင္းၾကီးကုိ (၁၈၈၁) ခုႏွစ္တြင္ တည္ေထာင္ခဲ့သည္။ ၎အခ်ိန္က ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံတြင္ မည္သည့္ႏုိင္ငံေရးအဖြဲ ့အစည္းမွ မရွိေသးေပ။
ထုိအသင္းၾကီးက “ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့”ကုိ တေန ့တည္း က်င္းပလွ်င္ ပုိ၍သင့္ေလွ်ာ္ေၾကာင္း သိရွိသည္။ ထုိ ့ ေၾကာင့္ အနယ္နယ္အရပ္ရပ္မွ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္အမတ္မ်ားအား ေတြ ့ ဆုံေစၿပီး၊ မည္သည့္ေန ့ရက္တြင္ ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့က်င္းပရန္ သင့္ေလွ်ာ္မည္ကုိ ေရွးအေထာက္အထားမ်ား၊ အေၾကာင္းအရာမ်ားကုိ စုံစမ္း၍ “ေဒါကလူ”အသင္းၾကီးအား ျပ္န္လည္အစီရင္ခံေစသည္။
ထုိ့ေၾကာင့္ အနယ္နယ္အရပ္ရပ္မွ အစီရင္ခံစာမ်ား ေပးပုိ ့ၾကသည္သာမက “ဆရာယာနီ”ဆုိသူ ကုိယ္တုိင္လာေရာက္ေတြ ့ဆုံသည္။ “ဆရာယာနီ”သည္ ေျမာင္းျမခရုိင္- တကူးဆိပ္ရြားသာညးျဖစ္၍ ဖါပြန္တြင္ ေက်ာင္းဆရာအျဖစ္ ႏွစ္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ အလုပ္လုပ္ခဲ့သူျဖစ္သည္။ ၎ႏွင့္အတူ ေတာင္ေပၚကရင္ေဒသရွိ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားမ်ား အသုံးျပဳေသာ ပ်ဥ္ျပားျပကၡဒိန္ကုိ ယူေဆာင္လာ၍ တင္ျပသည္။ ထုိပ်ဥ္ျပားျပကၡဒိန္တြင္ တႏွစ္လွ်င္ (၁၂)လ ပါရွိ၍ ပထမလမွာ ျပာသုိလျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း သက္ေသအေထာက္အထားႏွင့္ တင္ျပပါသည္။
ထုိ ့အတူ “ေဒါကလူ”အသင္းၾကီး၏ အေထြေထြအတြင္းေရးမွဴး မန္းဘခင္မွလည္း ႏွစ္ေပါင္း (၇၀)ေက်ာ္က စတင္ထုတ္ေ၀ခဲ့သည့္ ပုိးကရင္သင္ပုန္းၾကီ္းႏွင္ ့ဖတ္စာအုပ္ကုိ တင္ျပပါသည္။
အဆုိပါစာအုပ္တြင္ တႏွစ္လွ်င္ (၁၂)လ ပါရွိၿပီး ျပာသုိလမွာ ပထမလ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ဘုိးဘြားမ်ားလက္ထက္မွစ၍ ယေန ့တုိင္ေအာင္ ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ကုိ ျပာသုိလဆန္း (၁)ရက္ေန ့တြင္ က်င္းပေၾကာင္း တင္ျပသြားပါသည္။
ထုိ ့ေၾကာင့္ သမုိင္း၀င္ေန ့တေန ့ရရွိရန္ ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့အျဖစ္ တင္သြင္းရာ၌ ပထမဦးစြာ ေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္မွ စတင္ တင္သြင္းရမည္ျဖစ္၍ ကရင္အမတ္ (၁၅)ဦး၏ ဒုတိယဥကၠဌျဖစ္ေသာ ေစာဂြ်န္ဆင္ဒီဖုိးမင္း (Saw Joh Nson –D- P0min)သည္ ေန ့ရက္သတ္မွတ္ေရးအတြက္ တာ၀န္ယူရသည္။ ထုိ ့ ေၾကာင့္ ေစာဂြ်န္ဆင္ဒီဖုိးမင္း သည္ ေတာင္ငူၿမဳိ ့ရွိ ကရင္သက္ၾကီး၀ါရင့္သူတခ်ဳိ ့ႏွင့္ ေဆြးေႏြးခဲ့ၿပီး သရာမုိးလုိ (ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားအလံေတာ္ ပုံစံတင္သြင္းရာတြင္ ဒုတိယဆုရရွိသူ)အား ဆက္လက္ တာ၀န္လႊဲအပ္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။
သရာမုိးလုိသည္ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားတုိ ့၏ ခုႏွစ္သကၠရာဇ္သည္ ႏွစ္ေပါင္းမည္မွ်ရွိေၾကာင္းႏွင့္ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားတုိ ့၏ ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့သည္ မည္သည့္ေန ့၊ လ၊တြင္ ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ဟူေသာ အခ်က္ ႏွစ္ခ်က္အေပၚ မူတည္၍ ရွာေဖြသုေတသနလုပ္ခဲ့ၿပီး ျပည္လည္တင္ျပခဲ့သည္။

အေရွ ့တုိင္းသုေတသနၾကီးႏွစ္ဦးျဖစ္ေသာ ဂ်ီ၊ အိပ္ခ်္၊ လူစ့္(G.H.Luce)ႏွင့္ ဂ်ီ၊ အီး၊ ဟာဗီ(G.E. Harvey)တုိ ့၏ မွတ္တမ္းျပဳခ်က္အရ၎၊ အမ်ဳိးသားပညာ၀န္ ဦးဖုိးက်ား ေရးသားေသာ ျမန္မာရာဇ၀င္အရ၎၊ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ားသည္ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံသုိ ့ ေရွးဦးစြာ ၀င္လာခဲ့ၾကသည္မွာ ဘီ။ စီ ၇၃၉ ခုႏွစ္က ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း သိရွိရေပသည္။
သုိ ့ျဖစ္၍ သရာမုိးလုိက ကရင္သကၠရာဇ္ကုိ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးတုိ ့ ျမန္မာႏုိင္သုိ ့ ၀င္ေရာက္လာခဲ့ၾကသည့္ ထုိႏွစ္မွ အစျပဳ၍ ေရတြက္ရန္ အဆုိျပဳခဲ့၏။ ယင္းအဆုိျပဳခ်က္ကုိ ေအ၊ ဒီ ၁၉၃၆ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ တင္သြင္းခဲ့ရာ၊ ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံသုိ ့ စတင္၀င္ေရာက္လာခဲ့ၾကသည့္ ဘီ၊ စီ ၇၃၉ ခုႏွစ္မွ စ၍ ေရတြက္ေသာ္ ႏွစ္ေပါင္း (၂၆၇၅)ႏွစ္ ရွိၿပီးျဖစ္သည္။
ေတာင္ငူၿမဳိ ့ရွိ သက္ၾကီး၀ါၾကီးမ်ား၏ သေဘာတူညီ သတ္မွတ္လုိက္သည့္ ေန ့ရက္ (သေလလဆန္း (၁)ရက္)ကုိ ဥပေဒျပဳေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္တြင္ တင္သြင္းအဆုိကုိ ေစာဂြ်န္ဆင္ဒီဖုိးမင္း လက္မွတ္ထုိး၍ ေအာက္လႊတ္အစည္းအေ၀းတြင္ တင္သြင္းခဲ့၏။ ၁၉၃၇ ခုႏွစ္၊ ၾသဂုတ္လ ၂၃ ရက္ေနံတြင္ က်င္းပျပဳလုပ္ေသာ ဥပေဒျပဳေအာက္လႊတ္ေတာ္ အစည္းအေ၀းမွတ္တမ္းတင္ခ်က္အရ (Presented)ဟူ၍ မွတ္တမ္းတင္ထားသည္။
ယင္းကိစၥႏွင့္ပတ္သက္၍ အထက္လႊတ္ေတာ္မွ ဆရာစံေဘာ္ က ဆက္လက္ဦးေဆာင္၍ ၀န္ၾကီး ေစာေဖသာႏွင့္ ညွိႏႈိင္းၿပီး၊ ေဒါက္တာ ဘေမာ္အစုိးရအဖြဲ ့သုိ ့ တင္ျပ၍ အစုိးရ၏ သေဘာတူညီခ်က္အရ (Cabi-net Executive Pow – er)ျဖင့္ ဘုရင္ခံထံသုိ ့ တင္ျပႏုိင္၍ ဘုရင္ခံ၏ သေဘာတူညီခ်က္ေၾကာင့္ အစုိးရရုံးမ်ားႏွင့္ လႊဲေျပာင္းႏုိင္သည္။
စာခ်ဳပ္စာတမ္း အက္ဥပေဒ (Ne – G0tiable Instrument act.) အစုိးရ အသိအမွတ္ျပဳ ရုံးပိတ္ရက္အျဖစ္ ရရွိခဲ့သည္။
အစုိးရ၏ ပထမဦးဆုံး အသိအမွတ္ျပဳ ရုံးပိတ္ရက္မွာ ၁၉၃၈ ခုႏွစ္၊ ဇန္န၀ါရီလ (၁)ရက္ (၁၂၉၉ ခုႏွစ္ ျပာသုိလဆန္း (၁)ရက္ေန ့ျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ၎ေန ့တြင္ ၀တ္လုံေတာ္ရ ဆစ္ဒနီလူနီက အသံလႊင့္မိန္ ့ခြန္း ေျပာၾကားခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၃၈ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ေပၚထြက္လာသည့္ “သာ့ပြာဖုိးလင္းေတး” ျပဳစုေရးဆြဲခဲ့သည့္ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားျပကၡဒိန္အရ၊ တစ္ႏွစ္ျပည့္ေျမာက္၍ ၁၉၃၈ ခုႏွစ္၊ ဒီဇင္ဘာလ (၂၁)ရက္ေန ့တြင္ က်ေရာက္သည့္ ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ပြဲေတာ္တြင္ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားေခါင္းေဆာင္ၾကီး (၅)ဦး ျဖစ္ၾကေသာ ေဒါက္တာစံစီဖုိး၊ မန္းေရႊဘ၊ မန္းလွေဖ၊ ေစာဆစ္ဒနီလူနီႏွင့္ ေစာေဖသာတုိ ့က ၾသ၀ါဒ သ၀ဏ္လႊာေပးပုိ ့ခဲ့သည္။
(သ၀ဏ္လႊာ ေပးပုိ ့သည့္ ေန ့စြဲမွာ “သာ့ပြာဖုိးလင္းေတး”၏ ျပကၡဒိန္အရ ၁၉၃၈ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ႏွစ္ၾကိမ္မွ် က်ေရာက္ျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ရက္ အမွန္ (၂၁ - ၁၂ - ၁၉၃၈) အစား (၂၁ - ၁၂ - ၁၉၃၉)ဟူ၍ ျဖစ္ေနေၾကာင္း သတိျပဳအပ္၏)
မည္သုိ ့ပင္ဆုိေစ ယေန ့ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားထုတရပ္လုံးက သရာမုိလုိ၏ ရွာေဖြခ်မွတ္ေပးခဲ့သည့္ ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္ကူး ေန ့ ျဖစ္ေသာ “သေလ”လဆန္း (၁)ရက္ဟု အတည္ျပဳထားေသာ ျပာသုိလဆန္း (၁)ရက္ သုိ ့မဟုတ္ “ထုိင္ေခါက္ဖုိး”လဆန္း (၁)ရက္ ကုိသာ ဆက္လက္ အတည္ျပဳလက္ခံေနၾကေၾကာင္း ေတြ ့ရွိပါသည္။

ပထမဆုံးေသာ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ အသံလႊင့္မိန္ ့ခြန္း
ယေန ့ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားမ်ား
ယေန ့သည္ သမုိင္း၀င္ေန ့ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ အစုိးရက တရား၀င္အသိအမွတ္ျပဳေသာ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားေန ့ လည္းျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ဤေန ့ရက္သည္ ကရင္တစ္မ်ဳိးသားလုံး၏ မဂၤလာအခါေန ့လည္းျဖစ္ပါသည္။ တစ္သီးတစ္ျခား တစ္ကြဲတစ္ျပားေနထုိင္ခဲ့ၾကရာမွ ကၽြႏု္ပ္တုိ ့သည္ ယေန ့မွစ၍ တုိင္းရင္းသားအားလုံး၏ အေရးအခင္းႏွင္ ့ ႏုိင္ငံေတာ္အေရးအခင္းတြင္ ပါ၀င္ေဆာင္ရြက္ရပါမည္။ လူဦးေရ ႏွစ္သန္းေက်ာ္မွ်ရွိေသာ ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားမ်ားသည္ ျမန္မာျပည္၏ ကံၾကမၼာကုိ ဖန္တီးရာ၌ အဓိကမွ ပါ၀င္ႏုိင္မည္ဟု ယုံၾကည္ပါသည္။
ကၽြႏု္ပ္တုိ ့လူမ်ဳိး ဆိတ္သုဥ္းမသြားဘဲ တည္ရွိေနခဲ့သည္မွာ မည္သည့္အဖြဲ ့အစည္း၊ မည္သည့္အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေရးစနစ္၊ မည္သူတုိ ့၏ ပေယာဂေက်းဇူးေၾကာင့္မွ မဟုတ္ဘဲ ကၽြႏု္ပ္တုိ ့၏ထူးျခားေသာ ပင္ကုိယ္အရည္အခ်င္းမ်ားေၾကာင့္သာ ျဖစ္ေပသည္။ ပရိယာယ္မရွိ ရုိးသားၾကသည္။ စိတ္ထားေျဖာင့္မတ္ၾကသည္။ ဂီတကုိ ျမတ္ႏုိးသည္။ ဘုရားတရားကုိ ေလးစားသည္။ အျခားေသာ တုိင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိးမ်ားႏွင့္ ဒုိးတးေပါင္းဖက္ ဆက္ဆံေပါင္းသင္းသြားျခင္းျဖင့္ ကၽြႏု္ပ္တုိ ့ ၏ အမ်ဳိးသားဂုဏ္သိကၡာ၊ အရည္အခ်င္းမ်ားကုိ ခုိင္မာေအာင္ ထိန္းသိမ္းျခင္း၊ ျမွင့္တင္ျခင္းမ်ား ျပဳႏုိင္မည္ဟု ယုံၾကည္ၾကသည္။
ကၽြႏု္ပ္တုိ ့တစ္ေတြ ဆုံးျ့ဖတ္ခ်က္မ်ား ခ်တ္မွတ္သည့္အခ်ိန္က်လာခဲ့ၿပီး ကၽြႏု္ပ္တုိ ့သည္ ယခင္ကဲ့သုိ ့ပင္ တစ္သီးတစ္ျခား ရပ္တည္ေရးအတြက္ ရပ္တည္ၾကမည္ေလာ၊ သုိ ့တည္းမဟုတ္၊ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ၏ၾကမၼာကုိ ဖန္တီးရာ၌ တစ္အပ္တစ္အား လက္တြဲပါ၀င္ေဆာင္ရြက္မည္ေလာ။
ကၽြႏု္ပ္တုိ ့သည္ ကရင္တစ္မ်ဳိးသားလုံး၏ စည္းလုံးညီညြတ္မႈကုိ တည္ေဆာက္ရင္း ညီညြတ္ေသာ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံအျဖစ္ သုိ ့ ပါ၀င္ေဆာင္ရြက္ၾကဳိးပမ္းၾကမည္။ ကၽြႏု္ပ္တုိ ့ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားအေနျဖင့္ ကုိယ္က်ဳိးမဖက္ မေၾကာက္ရြံ ့ဘဲ လူမ်ဳိးေရးႏွင့္ ဘာသာေရး အာဃာတ အလ်ဥ္းကင္းစင္ေသာ စိတ္ထားျဖင့္ တုိင္းျပည္၊ ႏုိင္ငံေတာ္အက်ဳိးစီးပြားကုိ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၾကမည္။
ယေန ့အခ်ိန္အခါတြင္ ကၽြႏု္ပ္တုိ ့အမ်ဳိ်သားအေမြအႏွစ္မ်ား ေရွးေဟာင္းကဗ်ာ၊ လကၤာပုံျပင္မ်ား၊ ကရင္ပညာရွိမ်ားႏွင့္ ရုိးရာ “ယြာ”ဘုရားသခင္ကုိ သတိရေအာက္ေမ့လ်က္ ယင္းတုိ ့၏ ဆုံးမၾသ၀ါဒမ်ားကုိ ျပန္လည္က်င့္သုံးေနၾကပါမည္။ ပုဂၢဳိလ္တစ္ဦးခ်င္းအေနျဖင့္လည္ေကာင္း၊ တစ္အိမ္တစ္မိသားစုအေနျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဘ၀သစ္တစ္ရပ္ကုိ ပါ၀င္ဖန္တီးေဆာင္ရြက္သြားႏုိင္မည္ဟု ယုံၾကည္ပါသည္။
ေခတ္ႏွင့္ေလ်ာ္ညီစြာ ေတြးေခၚစိ္တ္ကူးလ်က္ အက်ဳိးျဖစ္ထြန္းမည့္လုပ္ငန္းမ်ား ၾကံဆခ်မွတ္ကာ အျခားေသာတုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ားႏွင့္ တစ္စိတ္တစ္၀မ္းတည္း က်ရာက႑မွ စည္းလုံးညီညြတ္ေသာ လူမ်ဳိးေပါင္းဆုံထားသည့္ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံအျဖစ္ တာ၀န္ယူသြားၾကမည္။
ထုိ ့ေၾကာင့္ ကၽြႏု္ပ္တုိ ့တစ္ေတြလည္း ႏုိင္ငံေတာ္ဖြံ ့ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး အက်ဳိးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားတြင္ ေဖာ္ျပပါယုံၾကည္ခ်က္မ်ားအတုိင္း ကုိယ္စြမ္း၊ ဥာဏ္စြမ္းရွိသေရြ ့ အားသြန္ခြန္စုိက္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၾကရန္ ယေန ့ ရက္ျမတ္ ကရင္ႏွစ္သစ္မဂၤလာအခ်ိန္တြင္ အဓိဌာန္ျပဳၾကပါစုိ ့
(၁၉၃၈ ခုႏွစ္၊ ဒီဇင္လာလ ၂၁ ရက္)
၂၆၇၆ ခုႏွစ္၊ သေလး၊ ထုိက္ေခါက္ဖုိး၊ ျပာသုိလဆန္း (၁)ရက္ ။ ပုံ - စံစီဖုိး၊ ေရႊဘ၊လွေဖ၊ ေဖသာ၊ ဆစ္ဒနီလူနီ

ကရင္္ရုိးရာေကာက္သစ္စားပြဲႏွင့္ ဖီ့ွဗူးေယာ္(ဖီ့ဗူးယ၀္) ပူေဇာ္ပြဲ အေၾကာင္းသိေကာင္းစရာ
ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသားတုိင္း က်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန့္ျပန့္သိရွိနိဳင္ရန္ ရည္ရြယ္လ်က္လက္လွမ္းမွီရာ တတ္နိဳင္သမွ်ရွာေဖြ စုေဆာင္းတင္ျပအပ္ပါသည္။
ကရင့္ရုိးရာဓေလ့ပြဲေတာ္မ်ား
ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးတုိ ့၏ ေရွးဘုိးဘြားဘီဘင္မ်ားသည္ ၀ိညာဥ္ကုိယုံၾကည္ၾကသည္။ ၀ိညာဥ္လိပ္ျပာသည္ လူ၏ခႏၶာကုိယ္တြင္ ပူးကပ္မွီတြယ္ေနၿပီး လိပ္ျပာၽႏွင့္အတူရွိေသာသူသည္ က်န္းမာသည္၊ သန္စြမ္းသည္၊ စိတ္ဓါတ္ၾကံခုိင္မႉရွိသည္ဟု ယုံၾကည္ၾက၏။
ထုိ ့အတူ သစ္ပင္ သီးႏွံတုိ ့တြင္လည္း ၎တုိ ့ကုိကာကြယ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေသာ၀ိညာဥ္ရွိသည္ဟု ယုံၾကည္ၾကသည္။ တနည္းအားျဖင့္ အပင္တုိ ့ကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေသာ နတ္ဟုဆုိနိဳင္ေသာ ရုကၡစုိးနတ္ေကာင္းနတ္ျမတ္တုိ ့ရွိသည္ဟု ယုံၾကည္ၾက သည္။ ထုိနည္းအတူ ေတာင္ယာတြင္ ေတာင္ယာကုိ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေသာနတ္၊ လယ္ေျမကုိ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေသာနတ္မ်ားအျပင္ လူေနအိမ္တြင္ အိမ္ကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေသာနတ္ဟူ၍ ရွိသည္ကုိ ယုံၾကည္ၾကသည္။
ထုိယုံၾကည္မႉမ်ားေၾကာင့္ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးတုိ ့တြင္ လယ္ယာလုပ္ငန္းႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ေသာပြဲေတာ္၊ ရုိးရာဓေလ့ပြဲေတာ္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးရွိၾကသည္။ ၎ရုိးရာဓေလ့ပြဲေတာ္မ်ားမွာ-----
(၁) ေတာင္ယာနတ္စားခ်ိန္ပြဲေတာ္၊
(၂) ေတာ္ယာခုတ္ခ်ိန္ပြဲေတာ္၊
(၃) ေတာ္ယာစူးထုိးခ်ိန္ပြဲေတာ္၊
(၄) ေတာင္ယာစပါးရိတ္သိမ္းခ်ိန္ပြဲေတာ္၊
(၅) ေရေျမာင္းတာတမံပူေဇာ္ပြဲေတာ္၊
(၆) ပ်ိဳးပင္လိပ္ျပာေခၚပြဲေတာ္၊
(၇) စပါးပုံလိပ္ျပာေခၚပြဲေတာ္၊
(၈) ရုိးရာေကာက္သစ္စားပြဲေတာ္ႏွင့္ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ပူေဇာ္ပြဲေတာ္၊
(၉) အိမ္သစ္တက္မဂၤလာပြဲေတာ္၊
(၁၀) ထိမ္းျမားမဂၤလာလက္ထပ္ပြဲေတာ္၊
(၁၁) ရြာလုံးကၽြတ္လိပ္ျပာေခၚပြဲေတာ္ (ေခၚ)၀ါေခါင္လခ်ည္ျဖဴပြဲ မဂၤလာပြဲေတာ္၊
(၁၂) အရုိးေကာက္ပြဲေတာ္၊
(၁၃) ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးပြဲေတာ္ စသည္ျဖင့္ ပြဲေတာ္အမ်ဳိးမ်ိဳးရွိၾကသည္။ သူ ့အခ်ိန္အခါႏွင့္သူ သူ ့ေနရာ၊ႏွင့္သူ ပုံစံအမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးက်င္းပၾကသည္။
ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္အား ရုိးရာပြဲေဇာ္ပြဲတစ္ရပ္အျဖစ္ လက္ခံက်င္းပျခင္း
ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးတုိ ့သည္ စပါးကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေသာ စပါးလိပ္ျပာ (သုိ ့) စပါးေစာင့္နတ္ (ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္) ရွိသည္ဟုယုံၾကည္ၾကသည္။ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ကုိ ပူေဇာ္ျခင္းအားျဖင့္စပါးသည္ ပ်က္စီးေလလြင့္မႈနည္းပါးၿပီး ပုိမုိ၍အထြက္တုိး၏။ ရွိၿပီးသားစပါးတုိ ့သည္လည္း စားသုံးမႈအစဥ္လုံေလာက္ၿပီး မသိမသာတုိးပြားၿမဲျဖစ္သည္ဟုယုံၾကည္ၾက၏။ ထုိယုံၾကည္ခ်က္အရ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ကုိ ရုိေသသမႈျပဳေသာအားျဖင့္ ရိုးရာပူေဇာ္ပြဲတစ္ရပ္အျဖစ္ လက္ခံက်င္းပၾကသည္။
ၾကဳိတင္ျပင္ဆင္မႈလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားအဆင့္ဆင့္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း
ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးတုိ ့သည္ လယ္ယာေျမထြန္ယက္ၿပီး၍ စုိက္ပ်ိဳးရန္သင့္ျမတ္ေသာ ရက္ျမတ္သုိ ့ေရာက္လာလွ်င္ ဦးစြာလယ္ေျမ ကြက္၏ေဒါင့္စြန္းတုိ ့၌ စပါးပင္(၇)ပင္ (သုိ ့) မ်ိဳးေကာက္ခ်က္(၇)ခ်က္ကုိ စုိက္ထားရသည္။၎စုိက္ထားေသာ စပါးပင္မ်ားကုိ ကၽြဲႏြားတိရိစ>ာန္ မ်ားမဖ်က္ဆီးႏုိင္ေအာင္ေကာင္းစြာကာရန္ထားႀကသည္။၎ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္စပါးစိုက္ျပီးမွသာက်န္လယ္ေျမကြက္ကိုဆက္လက္စိုက္ပ်ဳိးႀကသည္၊၊အကယ္၍ရက္ေကာင္းျမတ္ေန ့တြင္ စပါးစိုက္ပ်ဳိးရန္အေျခအေနမေပးပါကစတိသေဘာျဖင့္ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္စပါးကိုစိုက္ပ်ဳိးထားႀကသည္။ေနာင္အဆင္ေျပးေသာအခ်ိန္မွသာက်န္ေသာလယ္ကြက္ကိုစိုက္ပ်ဳိးႀကသည္။၎ျပဳလုပ္ခ်က္ကိုကရင္လူမ်ဳိးတို ့ကေလာင္းဆိုက္ခြတ္(လင္ဆိက္ေခါဟ္)ဟုေခၚဆိုႀကသည္။အခ်ိန္တန္၍စပါးရင့္မွည့္ခ်ိန္ေရာက္ေသာအခါတြင္လည္းစပါးကြက္မ်ားကိုဦးစြာရိတ္ျပီးစပါးစည္းမ်ားက္ိုတလင္းတြင္စုပံုထားႀကသည္။စပါးစည္မ်ားတလင္းသို ့အားလံုးစံုပံုျပီးမွသာဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္စပါးကိုျပန္ရိတ္ရသည္။ဖီဗူးေယာ္စပါးကိုရိပ္သိမ္းျပီးေသာအခါစုစည္းျပီး၀ါးကိုင္း၏ထိပ္ဖ်ားတြင္ခ်ည္ေႏွာက္ကာတြဲလြဲခ်ထားရသည္။(၀ါးကိုင္းကိုထိပ္ဖ်ားအရြက္အခက္မ်ားခ်န္းလွပ္ျပီး၊အရင္ပ္ိုင္းအရြက္အခက္မ်ားခ်န္းလွပ္ျပီးအရင္ပိုင္းအရြက္အခက္မ်ားကိုသပ္ခ်ပ္ရသည္)၎အျပင့္ယက္ထားေသာ

ရုိးရာေကာက္သစ္စားပြဲ က်င္းပျခင္း
ကရင္လူမ်ဳိးတုိ ့သည္ မိရုိဖလာ ေတာင္ယာလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားျဖင့္ ၊ ေရွးဦးမဆြကပင္ လုပ္ကုိင္ၿပီး အသက္ေမြး၀မ္းေၾကာင္း ျပဳခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ေတာင္ယာလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားမွ ေပၚထြက္လာသည့္ သီးဦးသီးဖ်ားမ်ားျဖင့္ ရုိးရာေကာက္သစ္စားပြဲကုိ က်င္းပေလ့ရွိၾကသည္။ သုိ ့ေသာ္ ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးကုိ ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံသုိ ့ေရၾကည္ရာျမက္။နဳရာေရာက္လာၾကသည့္အခါ ေရေျမေဒသ ျခားနားစြာေနထုိင္မႈ ေခတ္အဆက္ဆက္ ျဖတ္သန္းလာခဲ့ရေသာ ခရီးၾကမ္းတုိ ့ေၾကာင့္ ပတ္၀န္းက်င္နီးစပ္မႈႏွင့္ ဘာသာယုံၾကည္မႈကုိႏြယ္၍ ေကာက္သစ္စားပြဲ က်င္းပသည့္ေန ့ရက္မ်ား ကြဲျပားလာခဲ့ၾကသည္။ေဒသအလိုက္ ေကာက္သစ္ စားပြဲေတာ္ က်င္းပျပဳလုပ္ေလ့ရွိေသာ ေန ့ရက္မ်ားမွာ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္းျဖစ္သည္။
(၁) မိရုိးဖလာကုိ ကုိးကြယ္ေသာ ေတာင္ေပၚေဒသေန ကရင္တုိ ့သည္ တစ္ႏွစ္တာ ေတာင္ယာလုပ္ငန္းၿပီးစီး၍ အရုိးေကာက္ပြဲမ်ား ျပဳလုပ္ၿပီးမွသာ က်င္းပေလ့ရွိျခင္း။
(၂) ကရင္ျပည္နယ္ ဖါးအံႏွစ္ျခားေဒသရွိ လဲကယ္ဘာသာ၀င္ ကရင္တုိ ့သည္ နယုန္လအတြင္း ပထမအပတ္ စေနေန ့(မူထုန္း)တြင္ က်င္းပေလ့ရွိျခင္း။
(၃) ကရင္ျပည္နယ္ ဖါးအံဒုံရင္းေဒသရွိ လဲကယ္ဘာသာ၀င္ကရင္တုိ ့သည္ တန္ေဆာင္မုန္းလ ပထမအပတ္ စေနေန ့(မူထုတ္)တြင္ က်င္းပေလ့ရွိျခင္း။
(၄) ေျမျပန္ ့ေဒသေန ကရင္အခ်ိဳ ့ႏွင့္ ထုိင္း(ယုိးဒယား)ရွိ ကရင္အခ်ိဳ ့တုိ ့က ျပာသုိလဆန္း တစ္ရက္ေန ့တြင္ က်င္းပေလ့ရွိျခင္း။
(၅) ကရင္ျပည္နယ္ တလာကူရေသ့ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ၀င္ အခ်ိဳ ့က တေပါင္းလျပည့္ေက်ာ္ တစ္ရက္ေန ့တြင္ က်င္းပေလ့ရွိျခင္း။
စသည္ျဖင့္ ဘာသာယုံၾကည္မႈအရ ကြဲျပားေလ့ရွိၾကသည္။ သုိ ့ေသာ္ ရုိးရာေကာက္သစ္စားပြဲေတာ္ႏွင့္အတူ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ပူေဇာ္ပြဲကုိ ယွဥ္တြဲလ်က္က်င္းပေလ့ရွိၾကသည္။ လုပ္ငန္းလုပ္ဟန္ အနည္းငယ္ကြဲျပားမႈရွိေသာ္လည္း ရည္ရည္ခ်က္ကား အတူတူပင္ျဖစ္သည္။
ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးတုိ ့သည္ ရုိးရာေကာက္သစ္စားပြဲေတာ္၌ ေနာဟ္ပြဲ(ေခၚ) နပန္းပြဲ လက္ေ၀ွ ့ပြဲ ၊ ၾသပြဲမ်ားျဖင့္ အင္အားျပ၊ သတၱိျပ၊ က်န္းမာသန္စြမ္းမႈကုိ ျပေသာယွဥ္ၿပိဳင္ပြဲမ်ား က်င္းပၾကုသည္။
ရုိးရာေကာက္သစ္စားပြဲ (အင္းလင္ဗူးသင့္ေခါဟ္) ႏွင့္အတူ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္အား ပူေဇာ္ပြဲကုိ ေပ်ာ္ရြင္စြာ ဆင္ယင္က်င္းပၿပီးေနာက္ တလင္းရွိစပါးမ်ားကုိ စပါးက်ီသုိ ့ ထည့္သြင္းရေလသည္။ ေက်းရြာအလုိ္က္အမ်ားႏွင့္ သက္ဆုိင္သည့္ စပါးက်ီ (သုိ ့) ရြာပုိင္းစပါးက်ီကုိ သင့္ေလ်ာ္သည့္ေနရာတြင္ သတ္မွတ္ေဆာက္လုပ္ထားၾကသည္။ စပါးက်ီတြင္းသုိ ့ စပါးအားလုံးထည့္သြင္း ၿပီးမွသာလွ်င္ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္စပါး၊ ၎၏ မ်ိဳးေစ့ဥ (အု္ခုီ ့) ျဖစ္ေသာ ေျမစာလုံးခဲတစ္လုံးႏွင့္ ၎အား ပူေဇာ္ပသထားေသာ ပုလုိင္းငယ္တုိ ့ကုိ စပါးက်ီ၏အေပၚေထာင့္ တစ္ေနရာတြင္ တင္ထားၿပီး တစ္ႏွစ္ပတ္လုံး ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ကုိယ္စား စပါးက်ီကုိ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေစလသည္။အခ်ိဳ ့မွာ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္တုိင္ထိိတ္တြင္ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ကုိယ္စား သိန္းငွက္ိရုပ္ျပဳလုပ္ခ်ိတ္ဆြဲထားၾကသည္။ သိန္းငွက္ရုပ္ရွိုျခင္းျဖင့္ ၾကြက္၊ ငွက္ ၊ ၾကက္မ်ား စပါးကုိလာေရာက္ဖ်က္ဆီးမႈကုိ ကာကြယ္သည္။ သိန္းငွက္ကၾကြက္၊ ငွက္ ၊ၾကက္မ်ားကို ထုိးသုတ္ခ်ီယူ စားေသာက္ျခင္းအားျဖင့္ စပါးကုိဖ်က္ဆီးသည့္အႏၱရာယ္မ်ားကုိ ကာကြယ္ရန္ ရည္ရြယ္၍ သိန္းငွက္ရုပ္ကုိ ခ်ိတ္ဆြဲၾကျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။
ယေန ့ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ ပူေဇာ္ပြဲ က်င္းပသည့္အခါ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္အား ျပန္လည္ပုိ ိ့ေဆာင္ေသာအားျဖင့္ လူစုလူေ၀းမ်ား တန္းစီၿပီး အုိးစည္၊ ဖါးစည္မ်ားျဖင့္ တေပ်ာ္တပါးပုိ ့ေဆာင္ၾကၿပီး ေပ်ာ္ပြဲရၷင္ပြဲတစ္ရပ္အျဖစ္ က်င္းပၾကသည္ကုိ ေတြ ့ရေပသည္။
ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ပူေဇာ္ပြဲ က်င္းပျခင္းအခမ္းအနားအစီအစဥ္
ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ပူေဇာ္ပြဲကုိ ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့နံက္ပုိင္းတြင္ ျပဳလုပ္ေလ့ရွိၾကသည္။ နံနက္ေနအာရုံတက္ခ်ိန္တြင္ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားအလံေတာ္အား လြင့္ထူျခင္း၊ ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ အထိမ္းအမွတ္ေဟာေျပာပြဲမ်ား ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းမ်ား ၿပီးေနာက္ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ပူေဇာ္ပြဲကုိ တစ္ဆက္တည္းက်င္ပၾကသည္။ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ပူေဇာ္ပြဲျပဳလုပ္သည့္ အခမ္းအနားအစီအစဥ္မွာ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္းျဖစ္သည္။
ပြဲေတာ္အႀကီးအမွဴး (၁)ဦးႏွင့္အရန္(၂)ဦးတုိ ့က၊ ရာဇမတ္၀င္းအတြင္းသုိ ့ စတင္ေနရာယူျခင္း။
ေန ့(၇)ေန ့စုံေသာ အဖုိး (၇)ဦးႏွင့္ အဖြား (၇)ဦးတုိ ့က ေျမငယ္မ်ားျခံရန္လ်က္ ေနရာယူျခင္း။
ပြဲေတာ္အႀကီးအမွဴးမွစပါးလိပ္ျပာမ်ားအသီးသီးျပန္လည္၀င္ေရာက္လာေစရန္ႏွင့္ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္အား မွာတမ္းေခြ်ေသာအားျဖင့္ ရြတ္ဖတ္ပူေဇာ္ျခင္း။
ပြဲေတာ္အႀကီးအမွဴးက ဦးေဆာင္လ်က္ အဖုိးအဖြားႏွင့္ ေျမးငယ္မ်ားအားလုံး ရာဇမတ္၀င္္းအတြင္းမွ ျပန္လည္ထြက္ခြါျခင္း။
အထက္ပါအခမ္းအနားအစီအစဥ္ျဖင့္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရာတြင္ ေဆာင္ရြက္သည့္ လုပ္နည္းလုပ္ဟန္မ်ားမွာ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္းျဖစ္သည္။
ပြဲေတာ္အႀကီးအမွဴးမ်ားေနရာယူအၿပီးတြြြင္ ေန ့(၇)ေန ့စုံေသာ အဖုိး(၇)ဦးႏွင့္အဖြား(၇)ဦးတုိ ့သည္ ေျမးငယ္မ်ားက ျခံရံလုိက္ပါလ်က္ ရာဇမတ္၀င္္းအတြင္းသုိ ့ ဆက္လက္ေနရာယူၾကသည္။ ရာဇမတ္၀င္းအတြင္းရွိ စပါးပုံအား လက္ယာရစ္ ျဖင့္ (၃)ပတ္တိတိလွည့္ပတ္ပူေဇာ္ၿပီးေနာက္ စပါးပုံ၏ လက္ယာဘက္တြင္ အဖုိး(၇)ဦးကလည္းေကာင္း၊ လက္၀ဲဘက္တြင္ အဖြား(၇)ဦးကလည္းေကာင္း ၊ ေန ့နာမ္အလုိက္အသီးသီးေနရာယူၾကသည္။ ေျမးငယ္မ်ားက အဖုိးအဖြား၏ ေနာက္၌ ေနရာယူၾကသည္။ထုိသုိ ့ေနရာယူၿပီးခ်ိန္တြင္ ပြဲေတာ္အႀကီးအမွဴးသည္ စပါးလိပ္ျပာမ်ားအသီးသီး ျပန္လည္၀င္ေရာက္လာေစရန္ႏွင့္ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္အား မွာတမ္းေခြ်ေသာအားျဖင့္ ကရင္ဘာသာျဖင့္ စတင္၍ ရြတ္ပါသည္။ ပြဲေတာ္အႀကီးအမွဴးရြတ္ဖတ္ပူေဇာ္ျခင္း ၿပီးဆုံးသည့္အခါတြင္ အဖုိးအဖြားမ်ားက စပါးပုံအား အေမႊးနံသာရည္မ်ား ပက္ျဖန္းၾကၿပီး ေျမးငယ္မ်ားက ေပါက္ေပါက္ဆုပ္မ်ား ႀကဲပက္ၾကသည္။ ၿပီးေနာက္ ပြဲေတာ္အႀကီးအမွဴးက ေရွ့ဦးမွ ဦးေဆာင္ၿပီး အဖုိးအဖြားႏွင့္ေျမးငယ္မ်ားတုိ ့ေနာက္မွ ျခံရံလုိက္ပါလ်က္ ရာဇမတ္၀င္းအတြင္းမွ အသီးသီးျပန္လည္ထြက္ခြါၾကသည္။
ပြဲေတာ္၌ဧည့္ခံေကြ်းေမြးရန္ အသင့္ျပဳလုပ္ထားေသာ ရုိးရာစားဖြယ္ေသာက္ဖြယ္မ်ား ေခါင္ရည္မ်ားကုိ ပြဲေတာ္လာပရိတ္သတ္မ်ားအား တည္ခင္းဧည့္ခံေကြ်းေမြးၾကသည္။ ကရင္ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ လူငယ္ေမာင္မယ္မ်ားကလည္း ပရိတ္မ်ားအား ရုိးရာေတးသီခ်င္းမ်ားျဖင့္ ေဖ်ာ္ေျဖေပးၾကသည္။
နိဂုံး
ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ပူေဇာ္ပြဲကုိ ကရင္လူမ်ိဳးမ်ားေနထုိင္ရာ ေက်းလက္ေဒသမ်ားတြင္ ႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့အခမ္းအနားႏွင့္အတူ ယခင္က ယွဥ္တြဲျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့ၾကေသာ္လည္း ေနာက္ပုိင္းတြင္ ေမွးမွိန္လာကာ ေပ်ာက္ကြယ္လုနီးပါး ျဖစ္ေနေပသည္။ ကရင္ျပည္နယ္ ကရင္စာေပႏွင့္ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ တုိးတက္ျဖန္ ့ပြားေရးအသင္းသည္ ေပ်ာက္ကြယ္လုနီးပါးျဖစ္ေသာ ဖီ့ဗူးေယာ္ပူေဇာ္ပြဲရုိးရာဓေလ့ကုိေဖၚထုတ္ထိမ္းသိမ္းျမွင့္တင္ေသာအားျဖင့္ ဖါးအံၿမိဳ ့ေပၚတြင္က်င္းပေသာ ကရင္အမ်ိဳးသားႏွစ္သစ္ကူးေန ့ပြဲေတာ္မ်ားတြင္ သရုပ္ျပပြဲအျဖစ္ က်င္းပျပသနိဳင္ခဲ့သည္။အဆုိပါ သရုပ္ျပပြဲမွ ရုိက္ကူးထားေသာ မွတ္တမ္းဓါတ္ပုံမ်ားကုိ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ ့ တပ္မေတာ္စစ္သမုိင္းျပတုိက္တြင္ အမ်ားျပည္သူေလ့လာနိဳင္ရန္ ခ်ိတ္ဆြဲျပသထားသည္။
ကရင္အမ်ိိဳးသားတုိင္း မိမိတုိ ့၏ ရုိးရာယဥ္ေက်းမႈ အေမြအႏွစ္မ်ားကုိ အျမတ္တနိဳးေဖၚထုတ္ထိမ္းသိမ္း ျမွင့္တင္နိဳင္ၾကပါေစ ဟူ၍ ဆႏၵျပဳအပ္ပါသည္။

လူမ်ိဳးတံုးသုတ္သင္မွဳ

လူမ်ိဳးတံုးသုတ္သင္မွဳ
ေမ(၂)ရက္ႏွင့္ (၃)ရက္က အင္အားျပင္းထန္မႈအဆင့္ ၾကယ္ ၄ ပြင့္ရွိ၍ တနာရီ မိုင္ ၁၂ဝ ႏႈန္းျဖင့္ နာဂစ္ဆိုင္ကလုန္းမုန္တိုင္း တိုက္ခတ္ခဲ့ရာ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ လူ (၂)သိန္းခန္႔ ေသသည္ဟု ကုလသမဂၢႏွင့္ အန္ဂ်ီအိုမ်ားက ခန္႔မွန္းၾကသည္။ နအဖက ၁၃၃၆၅၅ ေယာက္ေသဆံုး ေပ်ာက္ဆံုးေနသည္ဟု ဆိုသည္။ အမည္မေဖာ္လိုသည့္ နအဖအစိုးရ အရာရွိႀကီးတဦးကမူ ေသဆံုးသူ အေရအတြက္ ၆ သိန္းေက်ာ္သည္ဟု တရားမဝင္ ေျပာျပသည္။ ဤသို႔ မုန္တိုင္းႀကီးမ်ား တုိက္ခတ္မႈဒဏ္ခ်က္ကို အျခားဘဝတူ တတိယကမၻာ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားႏွင့္ ႏႈိင္းယွဥ္ၾကည့္ေသာအခါ ယခုလို ေတြ႔ရသည္။လြန္ခဲ့သည့္ ၁၇ ႏွစ္ျဖစ္ေသာ ၁၉၉၁ ခုက ဘဂၤလားေဒ့ရွ္ ဆိုင္ကလုန္းမုန္တိုင္း (ၾကယ္ ၅ ပြင့္၊ တနာရီ မိုင္ ၁၆ဝ) တြင္ လူ ၁၃၅ဝဝဝ (တသိန္းသံုးေသာင္းခြဲ) ေသခဲ့့သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ၂ဝဝ၇ ႏိုဝင္ဘာလက ဆီဒါဆုိင္ကလုန္း (ၾကယ္ ၅ ပြင့္၊ တနာရီ မိုင္ ၁၆ဝ)ေၾကာင့္ ဘဂၤလားေဒ့ရွ္တြင္ လူ ၁ဝဝဝဝ (တေသာင္း) ခန္႔သာေသခဲ့သည္။ အိႏၵိယႏိုင္ငံတြင္လည္း ၁၉၉၉ ႏိုဝင္ဘာလက ၾသရစ္သ ဆိုင္ကလုန္းမုန္တိုင္း (ၾကယ္ ၅ ပြင့္၊ တနာရီ မိုင္ ၁၆ဝ) တိုက္ရာ လူ ၁ဝဝဝဝ (တေသာင္း) ေသခဲ့သည္။ ၂ဝဝ၆ ႏိုဝင္ဘာလက ဒူးရင္းတိုင္ဖြန္းမုန္တိုင္း (ၾကယ္ ၄ ပြင့္၊ တနာရီ မိုင္ ၁၄ဝ) တိုက္၍ ဖိလစ္ပိုင္ႏွင့္ ဗီယက္နမ္ႏိုင္ငံတို႔တြင္ လူ ၁၅ဝဝ ေသခဲ့သည္။ ၂ဝဝ၄ မတ္လမွာ ဂါဖီလို ဆိုင္ကလုန္းမုန္တိုင္း (ၾကယ္ ၅ ပြင့္၊ တနာရီ မိုင္ ၁၆ဝ) တုိက္၍ အာဖရိကတိုက္ မာဒါဂါစကာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ လူ ၄ဝဝ နီးပါး ေသခဲ့သည္။လြန္ခဲ့သည့္ ၃၈ ႏွစ္ျဖစ္ေသာ ၁၉၇ဝ က အေရွ႕ပါကစၥတန္ ဆိုင္ကလုန္း (ၾကယ္ ၃ ပြင့္၊ တနာရီ ၁၁၅ မိုင္) တြင္ လူ ၅ သိန္း ေသခဲ့သည္။ လြန္ခဲ့သည့္ ႏွစ္ ၄ဝ ျဖစ္ေသာ ၁၉၆၈ ခု ေမလက ရခိုင္ျပည္ တျပည္လံုးကို စိစိညက္ညက္ ေၾကသြားေစခဲ့သည့္ ထိုေခတ္က နာမည္ေက်ာ္ ရခိုင္ေလမုန္တိုင္းႀကီး (ၾကယ္ ၄ ပြင့္၊ တနာရီ မိုင္ ၁၅ဝ) တြင္ လူ ၁ဝဝဝ ေက်ာ္သာ ေသခဲ့သည္။ လူ ၁၈ဝဝ ေက်ာ္ ေသသျဖင့္ အႀကီးအက်ယ္ နာမည္ပ်က္ သိကၡာက်သြားေသာ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ၏ ၂ဝဝ၅ ခုႏွစ္ ၾသဂုတ္လ ကက္ထရီနာ ဟာရီကိန္း မုန္တိုင္းမွာ ၾကယ္ ၅ ပြင့္ အဆင့္ရွိၿပီး တနာရီ ၁၇၅ မိုင္ႏႈန္း တိုက္ခတ္ခဲ့သည္။ဤအခ်က္မ်ားကိုၾကည့္လွ်င္ ၂ဝ ရာစု အကုန္ႏွင့္ ၂၁ ရာစု အစပိုင္း၌ ဆင္းရဲေခတ္ေနာက္က်သည့္ တတိယကမၻာ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားတြင္ ၂ဝ ရာစု အလယ္ပိုင္းႏွင့္ ယွဥ္ပါက ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ ေလမုန္တိုင္းဒဏ္ ခံႏိုင္ရည္ျပင္ဆင္မႈ တိုးတက္လာသည္ကို ေတြ႔ရသည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွာ ႁခြင္းခ်က္ျဖစ္ေနသည္။ ၾကယ္ ၄ ပြင့္အဆင့္၊ တနာရီ မိုင္ ၁၂ဝ ဆုိင္ကလုန္းမုန္တိုင္း တခုေၾကာင့္ ပံုမွန္အားျဖင့္ ၂၁ ရာစုဆန္း တတိယကမၻာ ႏိုင္ငံတႏိုင္ငံတြင္ လြန္ေရာကြၽံေရာ လူ ၁ဝဝဝဝ ခန္႔သာ ေသႏိုင္သည္။သို႔ေသာ္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ စစ္အာဏာရွင္စနစ္၏ ယုတ္ညံ့မႈ၊ ကိုယ္က်ဳိးၾကည့္မႈမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ကာကြယ္ ကယ္တင္ႏိုင္ရမည့္ အျပစ္မဲ့ ျပည္သူ႔အသက္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ မလိုအပ္ဘဲ အလြန္အကြၽံ ဆံုး႐ံႈးခဲ့ရသည္။ မုန္တိုင္းႀကိဳတင္ သတိေပးစနစ္ ညံ့ဖ်င္း (သို႔) မရွိ၊ ႀကိဳတင္ကာကြယ္ေရး အေဆာက္အဦစနစ္ ညံ့ဖ်င္း (သို႔) မရွိ၊ ပညာေပးစနစ္မ်ား ညံ့ဖ်င္း (သို႔) မရွိ။ ဤသို႔ျဖင့္ နအဖႏွင့္ နာဂစ္လက္ေအာက္တြင္ အလြန္ဆံုးအားျဖင့္ ေသဆံုးသူ ၁ဝဝဝဝ (၁ ေသာင္း)မွာ နာဂစ္ေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ၿပီး၊ ယင္းထက္ပိုလြန္၍ ေသဆံုးသူမ်ားမွာ မေသသင့္ဘဲႏွင့္ နအဖစစ္အုပ္စု ပေယာဂေၾကာင့္ ေသဆံုးရျခင္းပင္ ျဖစ္ေတာ့သည္။ ထို႔အျပင္ ႏိုင္ငံတကာ အကူအညီမ်ားႏွင့္ ျပည္တြင္း အကူအညီမ်ားကို ပိတ္ပင္ျခင္း၊ အကန္႔အသတ္ အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိး ခ်မွတ္ျခင္းတို႔ေၾကာင့္ ေနာက္ထပ္ အသက္မ်ား ထပ္မံဆံုး႐ႈံးရျခင္း၊ မလိုအပ္ဘဲ ႐ုပ္ခႏၶာအရႏွင့္ စိတ္ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာအရ ဆိုးဆိုးဝါးဝါး ထိခိုက္နစ္နာ ပ်က္စီးျခင္းမ်ားလည္း ႀကီးႀကီးမားမား ရွိေနသည္။ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြင္း အဓမၼလုပ္အားေပးမႈ အပါအဝင္ လူ႔အခြင့္အေရး ဆံုး႐ႈံးရမႈမ်ား၊ စီးပြားေရး အခြင့္အလမ္း ဆံုး႐ႈံးရမႈမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသား ၂ သန္း ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံသို႔ တရားမဝင္ ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္း အလုပ္လုပ္ေနရကာ မေလးရွားႏိုင္ငံတြင္လည္း ၅ သိန္းႏွင့္ ၁ သန္းၾကား ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းလုပ္ကိုင္ေနရသည္။ဤသို႔ တရားမဝင္ ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းကူးဝင္လာၾကရာ၌ ၂ဝဝ၈ ဧၿပီ ၉ ရက္က ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ ရေနာင္းမွ ထိုင္းေတာင္ပိုင္းသို႔ ခိုးပို႔သည့္ ကြန္တိန္ကားထဲ ေလမြန္းၿပီး ျမန္မာ ၅၄ ေယာက္ ေသခဲ့ရသည္။ ၂ဝဝ၇ ဒီဇင္ဘာ ၂ဝ ရက္ကလည္း ေကာ့ေသာင္းမွ ရေနာင္းသို႔ ခိုးကူးသည့္ စက္ေလွေမွာက္၍ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသား ခ်င္းလူမ်ဳိး ၄၅ ေယာက္ေသခဲ့ရသည္။ ၂ဝဝ၈ မတ္ ၂ ရက္က ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွ ႐ိုဟင္ဂ်ာလူမ်ဳိး ေလွစီးေျပး ဒုကၡသည္ ၅ဝ ပင္လယ္ထဲ ေမ်ာေနသည္ကို သီရိလကၤာေရတပ္က ေတြ႔ရွိကယ္ဆယ္ခဲ့ရသည္။ ႏွစ္ပတ္ၾကာ ေမ်ာေနစဥ္အတြင္း အစာေရစာျပတ္၍ လူ ၂ဝ ေသခဲ့ရသည္။ ၂ဝဝ၈ မတ္ ၈ ရက္ကလည္း ႐ိုဟင္ဂ်ာလူမ်ဳိး ေလွစီးေျပး ဒုကၡသည္ ၁၂ဝ ပါ စက္ေလွတစီး ဘဂၤလားပင္လယ္ေအာ္ထဲ နစ္ျမဳပ္ခဲ့ရာ ၅ ေယာက္သာ အသက္ရွင္ခဲ့သည္။ ၂ဝဝ၇ ဇြန္လက ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ တာ့ခ္ခ႐ုိင္ ဝန္ေက်ာက္တြင္ တရားမဝင္ ျမန္မာအလုပ္သမားမ်ားကို ခိုးပို႔သည့္ ကားေမွာက္၍ ၂၅ ေယာက္ ေသခဲ့ရသည္။ဤလထဲမွာပင္ တာ့က္ခ႐ိုင္အတြင္း ျမန္မာအလုပ္သမားမ်ား ခိုးပို႔သည့္ ကားတိုက္၍ ၁ဝ ေယာက္ ေသေသးသည္။ ၂ဝဝ၆ ေအာက္တိုဘာလတြင္ ထိုင္းႏိုင္ငံ သင္းဘူ ရီေဒသ၌ အလားတူ လူေမွာင္ခိုကား ေမွာက္၍ ၅ ေယာက္ေသကာ ၂၈ ေယာက္ ဒဏ္ရာရခဲ့သလို ၂ဝဝ၇ ေအာက္တိုဘာတြင္လည္း ပက္ခ်္ဘူရီအရပ္တြင္ လူေမွာင္ခိုကား ေမွာက္၍ တရားမဝင္ ျမန္မာအလုပ္သမား ၈ ေယာက္ေသကာ ၁၄ ေယာက္ ဒဏ္ရာရခဲ့ျပန္သည္။ ၂ဝဝ၈ ဇန္နဝါရီ ၁၅ ရက္တြင္မူ ကန္ခ်နဘူရီေဒသ ေရေလွာင္ကန္ကို ခိုးျဖတ္ေနေသာ လူေမွာင္ခိုေလွ ေမွာက္၍ ကေလးငယ္မ်ား အပါအဝင္ ျမန္မာ ၇ ေယာက္ ေသခဲ့သည္။ ၂ဝဝ၈ ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီ ၂၇ ရက္တြင္မူ ရေနာင္းမွ ဟတ္ယိုင္သြား လူေမွာင္ခိုကားကို ထိုင္းလံုျခံဳေရးက ပစ္ခတ္၍ ၉ ႏွစ္သား ရခိုင္ကေလး ေမာင္ဦးမင္းစိုးေသၿပီး ၃ ဦး ဒဏ္ရာရခဲ့သည္။နအဖစစ္အစိုးရ လက္ထက္တြင္ ကရင္ျပည္၌ ရြာေပါင္း ၃ဝဝဝ ေက်ာ္ ဖ်က္ဆီးခံရၿပီး ကရင္အရပ္သား ၃ဝဝဝ ေက်ာ္ အသတ္ခံရသည္။ ကရင္ျပည္၊ မြန္ျပည္ႏွင့္ တနသၤာရီေဒသတို႔တြင္ ျပည္သူ ၆ သိန္းေက်ာ္မွာ ျပည္တြင္းအိုးအိမ္မဲ့ ဒုကၡသည္ IDP ျဖစ္ေနၿပီး ရြာပံုး ရြာေရွာင္မ်ားတြင္ ေနရာအတည္တက်မရွိ လွည့္လည္ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္း ေနထိုင္ေနရသည္။ ကရင္ျပည္တြင္ ၁၉၈၈ ႏွင့္ ၂ဝဝ၄ ၾကား၌ အနည္းဆံုး ကရင္အမ်ဳိးသမီး ၁၂၅ ေယာက္ မုဒိမ္းက်င့္ခံရသည္။ ကရင္နီျပည္တြင္လည္း ျပည္သူ ၁ သိန္းနီးပါးမွာ အလားတူ အိုးအိမ္မဲ့ဒုကၡသည္ ျဖစ္ေနသည္။ ဤေဒသမ်ားတြင္ ၅ ႏွစ္ေအာက္ကေလး ေသႏႈန္းမွာ ျမန္မာတႏိုင္ငံလံုး ပ်မ္းမွ်ႏႈန္းထက္ ႏွစ္ဆေက်ာ္ေနသည္။ရွမ္းျပည္တြင္မူ ရြာေပါင္း ၂ဝဝဝ ခန္႔ဖ်က္ဆီးခံရၿပီး ရွမ္းျပည္သူ ၂ဝဝဝ ခန္႔ အသတ္ခံရသည္။ ရွမ္း လူထု ၄ သိန္း ျပည္တြင္းအိုးအိမ္မဲ့ ဒုကၡသည္ ျဖစ္ေနသည္။ ၁၉၉၆ ႏွင့္ ၂ဝဝ၁ ၾကား၌ အနည္းဆံုး အမ်ဳိးသမီး ၆၂၅ ေယာက္ မုဒိမ္းက်င့္ခံရသည္။ ဤသည္မွာ လက္လွမ္းမွီသေလာက္ ေကာက္ယူရရွိသည့္ စာရင္းသာ ျဖစ္သည္။ တကယ္တမ္းအားျဖင့္ ကရင္ျပည္၊ ကရင္နီျပည္၊ ရွမ္းျပည္တို႔တြင္ မုဒိမ္းက်င့္ခံရသည့္ အမ်ဳိးသမီး အေရအတြက္၊ အသတ္ခံရသည့္ ျပည္သူလူထု အေရအတြက္တုိ႔မွာ အထက္ပါ စာရင္းမ်ားထက္ မ်ားစြာပို သည္။ အိုးအိမ္ အတည္တက်မရွိ ေတာထဲေတာင္ထဲ လွည့္ပတ္ေရွာင္ပုန္း ေနၾကရသျဖင့္ ငွက္ဖ်ား၊ တီဘီ၊ အာဟာရခ်ဳိ႕တဲ့မႈႏွင့္ ေရာဂါဘယ အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးေၾကာင့္ ေထာင္ေသာင္းခ်ီ၍လည္း မေသသင့္ဘဲ ေသေနၾကရသည္။ ကရင္၊ ကရင္နီ၊ မြန္၊ ရွမ္း ျပည္သူလူထု ႏွစ္သိန္းေက်ာ္မွာ ထိုင္းနယ္စပ္သို႔ နယ္စပ္ေက်ာ္ စစ္ေျပးဒုကၡသည္မ်ားအျဖစ္ ေရာက္ရွိေနရသည္။၂ဝဝ၇ စက္တင္ဘာလက သံဃာေတာ္တို႔၏ လႈပ္ရွားမႈကို နအဖစစ္အစိုးရက ရက္ရက္စက္စက္ ၿဖိဳခြင္းခဲ့ရာ ဗုဒၶဘာသာ သံဃာေတာ္ ၁၅ ပါးအပါအဝင္ ဆႏၵျပသမား ၁ဝဝ နီးပါး အသတ္ခံခဲ့ရသည္။ ၁၉၈၈ ခုေနာက္ပိုင္း ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံမွ အက်ဥ္းေထာင္မ်ားအတြင္း၌လည္း ႏိုင္ငံေရးအက်ဥ္းသား ၁၅ဝ နီးပါး ေသဆံုး ခဲ့ၿပီျဖစ္သည္။ ေထာင္ႏွင့္ေသာင္းႏွင့္ ခ်ီေသာ သာမန္ရာဇဝတ္ အက်ဥ္းသားမ်ားလည္း အက်ဥ္းေထာင္မ်ား၊ ရဲဘက္စခန္းမ်ား၊ ေရွ႕တန္းစစ္ေျမျပင္မ်ား၌ ေသဆံုးခဲ့ၾက၊ ေသဆံုးေနၾကသည္။စင္စစ္အားျဖင့္ နအဖစစ္အာဏာရွင္တို႔၏ ေပၚလစီမ်ား၊ လုပ္ရပ္မ်ား၊ ေတြးေခၚစဥ္းစားမႈမ်ားမွာ ညံ့ဖ်င္းျခင္း၊ မွားယြင္းေနျခင္းမွ် မဟုတ္ေပ။ ဆရာျမသန္းတင့္ ေျပာဖူးသည့္ ဆိုးယုတ္ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ Evil ျဖစ္သည္။ ဟစ္တလာ အပါအဝင္ ကမၻာေပၚမွ အဆိုးဆံုး အာဏာရွင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ထပ္တူထပ္မွ် ျဖစ္သည္။ သံဃာကိုပင္ ေျဗာင္အတိအလင္း သတ္ရဲေသာ ဗမာျပည္အာဏာရွင္တို႔အတြက္ မလုပ္ႏိုင္စရာ ဆိုးယုတ္မႈဟူသည္ ဘာမွမရွိ။ကေမၻာဒီးယားႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ခမာနီအစိုးရလက္ထက္ ၁၉၇၅ မွ ၁၉၇၉ အထိ ေလးႏွစ္အတြင္း ျပည္သူ ၂ သန္း ေသခဲ့ရာ လူငါးေသာင္းမွ ရွစ္ေသာင္းမွာ အသတ္ခံရျခင္းျဖစ္ၿပီး က်န္တသန္းေက်ာ္မွာ ခမာနီအစိုးရ ေပၚလစီမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ငတ္ျပတ္ဖ်ားနာ ပင္ပန္းဆင္းရဲ၍ ေသၾကရျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ အေရွ႕တီေမာ ႏိုင္ငံတြင္လည္း အင္ဒိုနီးရွားႏိုင္ငံက ၁၉၇၅ မွ ၁၉၉၉ အထိ တိေမာသား ၂ ေသာင္းကို သတ္ခဲ့သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ အင္ဒို နီးရွား အစိုးရေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ရသည့္ ငတ္ျပတ္ပင္ပန္းမႈႏွင့္ ေရာဂါဘယမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ေနာက္ထပ္ တိေမာသား ၉ ေသာင္းေသခဲ့သည္။အီရတ္အာဏာရွင္ ဆဒၵန္ဟူစိန္က ၁၉၈၈ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ကာ့ဒ္တုိင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိး ၅ ေသာင္းကို ဓာတုလက္နက္ျဖင့္ လူမ်ဳိးတံုး စစ္ဆင္ေရး လုပ္ခဲ့သည္။ ရဝမ္ဒါႏိုင္ငံ၌ အာဏာရွင္အစိုးရႏွင့္ လက္ပါးေစတို႔က ၁၉၉၄ ဧၿပီလမွ ဇူလိုင္လအထိ ရက္ေပါင္း ၁ဝဝ အတြင္း လူ ၈ဝဝဝဝဝ (ရွစ္သိန္း)ကို သတ္ပစ္ခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၉၂-၉၅ မွာ ဆားဘီးယားႏွင့္ ၾသဇာခံ ေဘာ့စ္နီးယား ခြဲထြက္ဆာ့ဘ္တို႔က ေဘာ့စ္နီးယား - ဟာဇီဂိုဗီးနား တြင္ မြတ္ဆလင္မ်ားအေပၚ လူမ်ဳိးတံုး စစ္ဆင္ေရး လုပ္ခဲ့သည္။ ၁၉၉၅ ဇူလိုင္လက ဆဘရင္နီကာၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ေဘာ့စ္နီးယား အရပ္သား ၈ဝဝဝ ကို ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီး မလာဒစ္ ဦးစီးေသာ ဆားဘီးယားတပ္က သတ္ပစ္ခဲ့သည္။ လူမ်ဳိးတံုးသတ္ပြဲမ်ား အဓိက က်ဴးလြန္သည့္ ဆာ့ဘ္လက္မရြံ႕တပ္ဖြဲ႔ အမည္မွာ စေကာ္ပီယံ ဟူ၏။ဒုတိယကမၻာစစ္အတြင္း နာဇီဂ်ာမဏီႏိုင္ငံက ဂ်ဴးလူမ်ဳိး ၆ သန္း၊ ဆိုဗီယက္ျပည္သူ ၂၅ သန္းႏွင့္ ေသာင္းႏွင့္ခ်ီေသာ ဥေရာပျပည္သူမ်ားကို ေသေစခဲ့သည္။ အေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားမွာ ငတ္ျပတ္မႈဒဏ္၊ ေရာဂါဘယဒဏ္တို႔ျဖင့္ အသက္ဆံုးရျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ စစ္ႀကီးအၿပီး၌ ဂ်ာမန္ဖက္ဆစ္ ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ားအား ႏ်ဴရင္ဘတ္ စစ္ခံု႐ံုးမွာ ခံု႐ံုးတင္စစ္ေဆး အျပစ္ေပးခဲ့သည္။ ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ဒ္ (လူမ်ဳိးတံုး သုတ္သင္မႈ) ဆိုေသာ အယူအဆသည္ ဥပေဒပိုင္းအရ ထိုအခ်ိန္မွ အစျပဳခဲ့ၿပီးေနာက္ ကုလသမဂၢက ၁၉၄၈ ခုတြင္ ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ဒ္ ကြန္ဗင္းရွင္း စာခ်ဳပ္ကို အေသအခ်ာ ေရးဆြဲျပ႒ာန္းခဲ့ရာ ၁၉၅၁ ခုမွာ စတင္အသက္ဝင္ခဲ့ၿပီး ယခုအခါ ျမန္မာအပါအဝင္ ကမၻာ့ႏိုင္ငံ ၁၃ဝ ေက်ာ္က လက္ခံအတည္ျပဳထားသည္။ ဤသေဘာတူစာခ်ဳပ္ ပုဒ္မ ၂ တြင္ ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ဒ္ကို ယခုလို အဓိပၸာယ္ဖြင့္ထားသည္။“ႏိုင္ငံလံုးဆိုင္ရာ လူအုပ္စု သို႔မဟုတ္ တိုင္းရင္းသားလူမ်ဳိးဆုိင္ရာ လူအုပ္စု သို႔မဟုတ္ ဘာသာေရးဆုိင္ရာ လူအုပ္စုတခုကို တခုလံုးေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ တစိတ္တပိုင္းေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း ဖ်က္ဆီးပစ္ရန္ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ျဖင့္ ေအာက္ပါလုပ္ရပ္မ်ားကို က်ဴးလြန္ျခင္း။(က) ယင္းလူအုပ္စု အဖြဲ႔ဝင္မ်ားကို သတ္ျဖတ္ျခင္း၊(ခ) ယင္းလူအုပ္စု အဖြဲ႔ဝင္မ်ားကို ႐ုပ္ခႏၶာပိုင္းအရ ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ စိတ္ပိုင္းအရ ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း ဆိုးဆိုးဝါးဝါး ထိခိုက္နစ္နာေစျခင္း၊(ဂ) တခုလံုးအရ သို႔မဟုတ္ တစိတ္တပိုင္းအရ ႐ုပ္ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာ ပ်က္စီးမႈျဖစ္ေစရန္ အေသအခ်ာ စီစဥ္ထားသည့္ ဘဝအေျခအေနမ်ားကို ယင္းလူအုပ္စုအေပၚ၌ သက္ေရာက္ေစျခင္း၊(ဃ) ယင္းလူအုပ္စုအတြင္း ကေလးေမြးဖြားမႈမ်ားကို တားျမစ္ရန္ ရည္ရြယ္သည့္ အစီအမံမ်ား ခ်မွတ္ျခင္း၊ (င) ယင္းလူအုပ္စုမွ ကေလးသူငယ္မ်ားကို အျခားလူစုသို႔ အတင္းအဓမၼ ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းပစ္ျခင္း။”၁၉၉၄ ခု ရဝမ္ဒါႏိုင္ငံဆိုင္ရာ အျပည္ျပည္ဆိုင္ရာ ခံု႐ံုးက ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ဒ္ကို ယခုလို ထပ္မံခ်ဲ႕ထြင္၍ အဓိပၸာယ္ ဖြင့္ဆိုခဲ့သည္။“လူအုပ္စုတခုကို မေသ႐ံုတမယ္ မဝေရစာ ေကြၽးထားျခင္း၊ ေနအိမ္မ်ားမွ စနစ္တက် ေမာင္းထုတ္ျခင္း၊ က်န္းမာေရး ေစာင့္ေရွာက္မႈကို အနိမ့္ဆံုး လိုအပ္ခ်က္ထက္ ႏွိမ့္ခ်ပစ္ျခင္း။... ယင္းလူအုပ္စုကို တခုလံုးအရ သို႔မဟုတ္ တစိတ္တပိုင္းအရ ဖ်က္ဆီးပစ္ရန္ အထူးရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ျဖင့္ မုဒိမ္းမႈ၊ လိင္ကိစၥ အၾကမ္းဖက္မႈ က်ဴးလြန္ျခင္း။”ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ဒ္ အဓိပၸာယ္ဖြင့္ဆိုခ်က္ အပိုဒ္ခြဲ (ခ) မွာ မႏုႆေဗဒ ပညာရွင္ ကဗ်ာဆရာ ေဖသက္နီ ေျပာခဲ့ဖူးသည့္ မဲန္တယ္လ္ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ဒ္ ေခၚ စိတ္ဓာတ္ေရးရာ ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ဒ္ကို ဆိုလိုျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ျပည္သူ ျပည္သားမ်ား၏ စိတ္ဓာတ္ပိုင္းဆုိင္ရာ ခံယူခ်က္မ်ား၊ က်င့္ဝတ္တန္ဖိုးမ်ား၊ စာရိတၱ စာရဏတရားမ်ားကို ဖ်က္ဆီးပစ္ျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ နအဖလက္ထက္တြင္ ကိုယ္က်ဳိးၾကည့္ အက်င့္ပ်က္မႈမ်ား ႏိုင္ငံႏွင့္အဝွမ္း ထိန္းမႏိုင္ သိမ္းမရ ႐ုပ္ပ်က္ဆင္းပ်က္ ႀကီးထြားေနသည္။ သာမန္ျပည္သူထဲမွ ျဖစ္လာေသာ ရယက၊ ၾကံ့ဖြတ္၊ စြမ္းအားရွင္၊ မီးသတ္တို႔သည္ စစ္အာဏာရွင္တို႔ထံမွ အ႐ိုးအရင္းေလး ရဖို႔အတြက္ ဇာတ္တူသားျဖစ္ေသာ ျပည္သူလူထုကို ရက္ရက္စက္စက္ စားကုန္ၾကသည္။ ဤသို႔ စာရိတၱ စာရဏ ပ်က္ျပားမႈမ်ား တႏိုင္ငံလံုး လႊမ္းမိုးႀကီးစိုးေနရာ နယ္စပ္ေက်ာ္လြန္၍ ဒုကၡသည္စခန္းမ်ား၊ အတုိက္အခံ အဖြဲ႔မ်ားထဲမွာပင္ ရင္ေမာတုန္လႈပ္ဖြယ္ လႈိက္စားေနသည္။ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ဒ္သည္ လူသားမ်ဳိးႏြယ္ ဆန္႔က်င္ေရး ရာဇဝတ္မႈမ်ား၏ အစိတ္အပိုင္းျဖစ္ၿပီး စစ္ကာလ အတြက္သာမက စစ္မျဖစ္သည့္ ကာလအတြက္လည္း အက်ဳံးဝင္သည္။ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ဒ္ က်ဴးလြန္သည့္ အာဏာရွင္ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားတြင္ လူ႔အသက္ကို တန္ဖိုးမထားသည့္ သေဘာထား ဓေလ့ထံုးတမ္းမ်ား ပ်ံ႕ႏွံ႔ေနၿပီး အာဏာရွင္ ဘက္ေတာ္သားတို႔က က်န္ႏိုင္ငံသားတို႔အား ဘာသာကြဲ ဒိ႒ိမ်ား၊ အ႐ိုင္းအစိုင္းမ်ား၊ သ႐ုပ္ပ်က္မ်ား၊ ဥပေဒေဘာင္ ျပင္ပကလူမ်ား၊ ေအာက္တန္းစား လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား၊ ခြဲထြက္ေရး သမားမ်ား၊ ေသာင္းက်န္းသူ အဖ်က္သမားမ်ား၊ မင္းမဲ့ဝါဒီမ်ား၊ အၾကမ္းဖက္သမားမ်ား၊ နယ္ခ်ဲ႕ လက္ပါးေစမ်ား၊ ပုဆိန္႐ိုးမ်ား၊ လူတန္းစား ရန္သူမ်ား၊ တန္ျပန္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမားမ်ား စသျဖင့္ တံဆိပ္အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိး သမုတ္ၿပီး ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ဒ္ကို က်ဴးလြန္ၾကျခင္း ျဖစ္သည္။ ကိုယ့္အတြက္ကိုမူ ျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာ တာဝန္ ထမ္းေဆာင္ေနသူမ်ား၊ ျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာ လူမ်ဳိးမ်ား၊ အမ်ဳိးဘာသာသာသနာ သန္႔ရွင္းတည္တံ့ေရးကို ေစာင့္ထိန္းသူမ်ား၊ အသိအျမင္ ျပည့္ဝရင့္က်က္သူမ်ား၊ တိုင္းျပည္ကို အဓိက ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ေနရသူမ်ား၊ ႏိုင္ငံအတြက္ အဓိက အနစ္နာခံေနသူမ်ား၊ အမ်ဳိးသားႏိုင္ငံေရးသမားမ်ား၊ စစ္မွန္သည့္ ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမားမ်ား စသည္ျဖင့္ မိမိတို႔ ကိုယ္မိမိ သတ္မွတ္ၾကသည္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ ျပည္သူ၊ ႏိုင္ငံေတာ္၊ အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာ၊ အမ်ဳိးသား၊ မ်ဳိးခ်စ္၊ ဝံသာႏု၊ စည္းလံုးညီၫြတ္ေရးဟူေသာ စကားလံုးမ်ားကို ဆိုင္ဆိုင္ မဆိုင္ဆိုင္ ေရလဲႏွင့္ သံုးေလ့ရွိသည္။ဂ်ာမန္ဆိုရွယ္ဒီမိုကရက္တစ္ပါတီႏွင့္ ဂ်ာမန္ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီတို႔က နာဇီအာဏာရွင္အစိုးရကို အၾကမ္းမဖက္ေရးနည္း၊ လက္နက္ကိုင္ပုန္ကန္နည္း၊ လွ်ဳိ႕ဝွက္လုပ္ၾကံသတ္ျဖတ္နည္း စသည့္နည္းမ်ဳိးစံုျဖင့္ ဆန္႔က်င္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ၁၉၄၄ ခုတြင္ ဒီမိုကေရစီလိုလားသူ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္မ်ားဦးစီး၍ ဂ်ာမန္စစ္တပ္က ဟစ္တလာကို ဗံုးခြဲလုပ္ၾကံ အာဏာသိမ္းရန္ အထိပင္ စီစဥ္ခဲ့သည္။ မေအာင္ျမင္ခဲ့။ ေနာင္တြင္ ဘူလ္ေဂးရီးယား သမၼတ ျဖစ္လာမည့္ ဂ်ာမန္ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ေခါင္းေဆာင္ ဒီမီထေရာ့ဗ္ (႐ိုက္ခ်္စတက္လႊတ္ေတာ္ မီး႐ႈိ႕မႈျဖင့္ အမႈဆင္ အဖမ္းခံရၿပီးေနာက္ တရားခြင္၌ ကမၻာေက်ာ္ေလွ်ာက္လဲခ်က္ ေပးခဲ့သူ)သည္ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပီပီ ျပည္တြင္းမွ ျပည္သူ႔အင္အားကို အဓိကထားၿပီး နာဇီအာဏာရွင္စနစ္ ျဖဳတ္ခ်ေရး အယူအဆကို ရပ္တည္ခဲ့သည္။ သို႔ေသာ္ ေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ အေမရိကန္-အဂၤလိပ္- ႐ုရွား မဟာမိတ္ စစ္အင္အားျဖင့္ ဂ်ာမန္အာဏာရွင္စနစ္ ျဖဳတ္ခ်ေရးကို တက္ႂကြစြာ လႈပ္ရွား အက်ဳိးေဆာင္ေပးသူ ျဖစ္သြားသည္။ အီတလီ ဖက္ဆစ္အာဏာရွင္တို႔ကို လည္း အီတလီ ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီ၊ အီတလီ ဆိုရွယ္လစ္ပါတီ၊ အက္ရွင္ပါတီ၊ ခရစ္ယာန္ ဒီမိုကရက္ပါတီ စသည္တို႔က လက္နက္ကိုင္တုိက္ပြဲ အပါအဝင္ သ႑ာန္အမ်ဳိးမ်ဳိးျဖင့္ ဆန္႔က်င္အံတုခဲ့ၾကသည္။ အလားတူ ဂ်ပန္ဖက္ဆစ္တို႔ကိုလည္း ဂ်ပန္ကြန္ျမဴနစ္ပါတီႏွင့္ ဒီမိုကေရစီအင္အားစုမ်ားက လွ်ဳိ႕ဝွက္အံတုခဲ့ၾကသည္။ သို႔ေသာ္လည္း ေနာက္ဆံုးတြင္ အေမရိကန္၊ ၿဗိတိန္၊ ဆိုဗီယက္ျပည္ေထာင္စုတို႔မွ (အဏုျမဴဗံုး အပါအဝင္) စစ္ေရးနည္းလမ္းျဖင့္သာ ဂ်ာမန္၊ အီတလီ၊ ဂ်ပန္ ဖက္ဆစ္အာဏာရွင္တို႔ကို ဇီဝိန္ေႁခြပစ္ႏိုင္ခဲ့သည္။သည္ဘက္ေခတ္တြင္လည္း ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ က်ဴးလြန္သည့္ အဆိုးဆံုး အာဏာရွင္တို႔ကို ျပင္ပမွ အင္အား သံုးသည့္နည္းျဖင့္သာ နိဂံုးခ်ဳပ္ေစႏိုင္ခဲ့သည္ကို ေတြ႔ရသည္။ ကေမၻာဒီးယား၊ ရဝမ္ဒါ၊ အေရွ႕တိေမာ၊ ေဘာ့စ္နီးယား- ဟာဇီဂိုဗီးနား၊ ကိုဆိုဗို၊ လိုင္ေဘးရီးယား၊ ဆီယာရာလီယြန္း၊ ေဟတီ၊ ပနားမား၊ အီရတ္၊ အာဖဂန္နစၥတန္ စသည့္ ဥပမာမ်ား အထင္အရွားရွိေနသည္။ မည္သူမွ် ျငင္းမရႏိုင္သည့္ သက္ေသ သာဓကမ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ (ေနာက္ဆက္တြဲ ျပႆနာမ်ားတြင္သာ ျငင္းစရာမ်ား ေပၚတတ္သည္။ သို႔ရာတြင္ နဂိုမူလ အာဏာရွင္ ျပႆနာေလာက္ မႀကီးေတာ့သည္မွာ ေသခ်ာသည္။)မည္သို႔ပင္ျဖစ္ေစ ျပည္တြင္းမွ အာဏာရွင္ ဆန္႔က်င္ေရးသမား အတိုက္အခံမ်ား၊ ျပည္သူမ်ား၏ လႈပ္ရွားမႈမ်ားကိုမူ လံုးဝပစ္ပယ္၍ မရ။ ဤျပည္တြင္းလႈပ္ရွားမႈမ်ား ရွိမွသာ ျပည္ပမွ အင္အားသံုး စြက္ဖက္မႈအတြက္ လမ္းခင္းလမ္းျပရာ ေရာက္မည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ကေမၻာဒီးယားမွ ခမာနီခြဲထြက္ သူပုန္ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား ျဖစ္ေသာ ဟင္ဆာရင္ႏွင့္ ဟြန္ဆင္၊ ဘုရင့္ဂိုဏ္း သူပုန္ေခါင္းေဆာင္ မင္းသားႀကီး သီဟာႏု၊ ရဝမ္ဒါမ်ဳိးခ်စ္တပ္ဦး သူပုန္အဖြဲ႔ေခါင္းေဆာင္ ေပါလ္ကာဂါမီ၊ အေရွ႕တိေမာမွ ဖရီတီလင္ သူပုန္အဖြဲ႔ေခါင္းေဆာင္ ဂတ္စ္မာအိုႏွင့္ ဟိုေဆးရားမို႔စ္ဟိုတာ၊ ေဘာ့စ္နီးယားမွ ေရြးေကာက္ခံသမၼတ အလီယာ အီဇက္ဘီဂိုဗစ္ခ်္၊ ကိုဆိုဗို လြတ္ေျမာက္ေရးတပ္မေတာ္ သူပုန္အဖြဲ႔ေခါင္းေဆာင္ ဟာရွင္သက္ဆီႏွင့္ အဂင္ခ်ီကူး၊ လိုင္ေဘးရီးယား ညီၫြတ္ေရး ျပန္လည္သင့္ျမတ္ေရးႏွင့္ ဒီမိုကေရစီေရး သူပုန္အဖြဲ႔ေခါင္းေဆာင္ ဆီကူကြန္နယ္ႏွင့္ ေသာမတ္နင္မလီ၊ ဆီယာရာလီယြန္းမွ ေရြးေကာက္ခံသမၼတ ကက္ဘာ၊ ေဟတီမွ ေရြးေကာက္ခံသမၼတ ဘုန္းေတာ္ႀကီး အာရစၥတိဒ္၊ အာဖဂန္နစၥတန္မွ သူပုန္ေခါင္းေဆာင္ ရွားမာဆြဒ္ စသူတို႔ ရွိ၍သာ ျပင္ပမွ အင္အားသံုး ဝင္ေရာက္ႏိုင္ျခင ျဖစ္သည္။ ႁခြင္းခ်က္အားျဖင့္ အခ်ဳိ႕အာဏာရွင္ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားတြင္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာေျမာက္ တူးေျမာင္း၊ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာေျမာက္ ေရနံစသည့္ ထူးျခားခ်က္မ်ားေၾကာင့္ ျပင္ပမွ အင္အားသံုး ဝင္ေရာက္ျခင္းလည္း ရွိသည္။ထူးျခားခ်က္မွာ အာဏာရွင္ကို ျပည္တြင္းအင္အားစုမ်ားက လက္နက္ကိုင္ အၾကမ္းပတမ္းနည္း ျဖင့္ အံုးအံုးၿခိမ့္ၿခိမ့္ တံု႔ျပန္ရင္ဆိုင္ ပြက္ေလာ႐ိုက္ေနေသာ high-intensity conflict ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားတြင္ ျပည္ပမွ အင္အားသံုးဝင္ေရာက္မႈ ပိုလုပ္ေလ့ရွိသည္။ ျမန္ျမန္ပြဲျပတ္ေလ့ ရွိသည္ကို ေတြ႔ရသည္။ ျပည္တြင္းလႈပ္ရွားမႈ လံုးဝမရွိ (သို႔မဟုတ္) မျပင္းထန္သည့္ low- intensity conflict အာဏာရွင္ႏိုင္ငံကို ျပင္ပမွ အင္အားသံုး စြက္ဖက္ ပြဲသိမ္းေပးျခင္း ျပဳေလ့မရွိ။ အထူးသျဖင့္ အၾကမ္းမဖက္ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာ အံတုသည့္ နည္းလမ္းမ်ားကို လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဒိုင္ယာေလာ့ကို မဟာဗ်ဴဟာအျဖစ္လည္းေကာင္း စြဲစြဲျမဲျမဲ က်င့္သံုးေနသည့္ အာဏာရွင္ ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားကို ျပင္ပမွ အင္အားသံုး စြက္ဖက္ျခင္း မရွိေပ။ သို႔ရာတြင္ တဖက္မွၾကည့္ပါက ယင္းကဲ့သို႔ အာဏာရွင္ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားမွာ ၾကယ္ ၂ ပြင့္ ၾကယ္ ၃ ပြင့္အဆင့္ အာဏာရွင္ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားေလာက္သာ ျဖစ္တတ္ၿပီး ျပည္တြင္းအင္အား သက္သက္ျဖင့္ အာဏာရွင္စနစ္မွ ဒီမိုကေရစီသို႔ ကူးေျပာင္းႏိုင္စြမ္းရွိၾကသည္။သို႔ျဖစ္၍ ကမၻာေပၚမွ အာဏာရွင္မ်ားအနက္ ဆိုးယုတ္မႈအဆင့္ ၾကယ္ ၄ ပြင့္ ၾကယ္ ၅ ပြင့္အထိ ေရာက္သြားသည့္ ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္ အာဏာရွင္မ်ားကို ျပင္ပမွ စစ္ကူအင္အားမ်ားကသာ ပြဲသိမ္းေပးႏိုင္ေၾကာင္း ေလ့လာေတြ႔ရွိရၿပီး ျပည္တြင္းအင္အားစုမ်ားက အာဏာရွင္ကို ၿခိမ့္ၿခိမ့္သဲသဲ ျပင္းျပင္းထန္ထန္ တန္ျပန္တိုက္ပြဲဝင္ေလ၊ ျပည္ပမွစစ္အင္အားမ်ား အျမန္ဆံုး ဝင္ေရာက္ကူညီႏိုင္ေရးကို လႈံ႔ေဆာ္အားေပးရာ ေရာက္ေလျဖစ္သည္။ ဤနည္းျဖင့္သာ ဂ်ီႏိုဆိုက္အာဏာရွင္ကို force out လုပ္ႏိုင္မည္ ျဖစ္သည္။ ျပည္တြင္းအင္အားစုမ်ားက မည္သည့္တိုက္ပြဲမွ ဆူပြက္လႈပ္ရွားမေနဘဲ ပါးစပ္မွ ထုိင္ေအာ္ေန႐ံုမွ်ျဖင့္ မည္သည့္ႏိုင္ငံျခား စစ္တပ္မွ ဝင္တိုက္ေပးလိမ့္မည္ မဟုတ္ပါေၾကာင္း။

Trafficking of Men in Thailand

Trafficking of Men in Thailand
May 17, 2007
The fight against human trafficking has for more than a decade tried to protect women and children, often forgetting that men, too, are victims of "new slavery". Thailand remains one of the region's busiest human-trafficking centres.
The National Human Rights Commission reports that between 17 and 19 July 2003, six fishing trawlers with about 100 crew sailed from Tha Chalom in Samut Sakhon province to fish Indonesian territorial waters. Most of the crew were migrant workers and four were younger than 16. None were allowed home for three years. The trawlers returned to Thailand in July last year. However, thirty-eight never returned – dying on the job. Two were buried on one of Indonesia's myriad islands and the rest unceremoniously dumped at sea. One more crewmember died shortly upon his return. Others returned home seriously ill - emaciated, emotionally disturbed and unable to see, hear or walk properly.
A Samut Sakhon Hospital medical report diagnosed the men with serious vitamin deficiencies. They had suffered months without proper food or water, eating only fish. None have been paid. Yet, they are not considered by law to be victims of human trafficking.
When they demanded compensation their "employers" claimed the men were unknown and said crew employment was the responsibility of trawler skippers. The boat owners refuse to pay until the men can prove they were aboard. Complicating the issue is the registration of the men under Thai names. They are all Burmese, Mon and Karen migrant workers. In addition, they discovered the labour law in Thailand does not cover fishermen working outside Thai territory for more than a year.
But, a new memorandum of understanding on Common Guidelines for Concerned Agencies Engaged in Human Trafficking and the Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Bill are rays of hope. Men are covered by both documents. The memorandum was signed last week and broadens the scope of a similar 2003 document. The 2003 memorandum only included "children and women" in its target groups, but concerned agencies in 17 northern provinces have signed the new draft and expanded the scope to include protection of men. The memorandum will bring Thailand and its Social Development and Human Security Ministry up to world standards of protection.
The Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Bill is before the National Legislative Assembly. Trafficking goes beyond the sex industry and child labour and many cases involve men, Sub-Committee on Coordination for Combating Trafficking in Children and Women chairperson Saisuree Chutikul said. Therefore, "[In the draft] we changed the wording from "women and children" to "human trafficking" because we found trafficking involves male victims," Saisuree, one of the world's leading voices in the fight against the trade in people, said.

Migrant Workers in Thailand2002

2002 Timeline of Events for Burmese Migrants in Thailand
January
l On 2 January, Thai Foreign Minister Surakiart Sathirathai reported plans for Thailand and Burma to establish a task force aimed at repatriating illegal workers back to Burma. The task force scheduled a meeting at the end of February or in early March to decide what should be done about the approximately 100,000 Burmese workers who had not yet registered with Thai authorities. In the meantime, some of the workers would continue to be held in a holding centre on Burma’s side of the border in Myawaddy, across the border from Thailand’s Tak province. The Thai Foreign Minister reported that both countries would be responsible for managing repatriation of illegal workers. Paisarn Preutiporn, secretary-general of the Office of the Administrative Commission on Irregular Immigrant Workers, noted that the Thai government plans to ask the SPDC to arrange two more sites in addition to Myawaddy: Phaya Thongsu town opposite Kanchanaburi, and Kawthaung (Victoria Point) opposite Ranong, to process illegal migrant being repatriated. The secretary-general also stated that immigrant workers found to be suffering from tuberculosis, leprosy, elephantiasis, syphilis, alcoholism or mental illness will not have their work permits renewed. (Source: News Summary/ Burma Issues)
l On 26 January the bodies of 14 Karen migrant workers were found with their throats cut near the border with Burma in Mae Ramat district, Tak province. The bodies of seven men and seven women aged 14-45 were found floating near the banks of Huay Mae Lamao stream in tambon Mae Jarao. An autopsy found they were murdered more than 10 days ago, some from stab wounds to the body. The killer cut their throats later. On 28th January two more bodies were found, and Thai police the next day reported that the death toll had risen to 20 after four more bodies were pulled from the Moei river blindfolded with their hands and feet bound, their throats cut and beyond recognition. Police stated that they suspected the murders were connected to either conflicts in the drug trade or human smuggling. However, Thongmuan Sitthikaew, head of Wang Pha village in the district, said the recent victims were illegal workers. He believed they might have been killed by a local employer who did not want to pay them wages. (News Summary/Burma Issues)
February
l On 1 February following a visit to Rangoon, Thai Foreign Minister Surakiart Sathirathai, reported that the SPDC requested that Thailand submit a list of illegal migrant workers to be sent back to Burma so their nationality can be verified. As part of this list, the SPDC stated that they wanted Thailand to record migrants’ names and home addresses in Burma, and also submit the workers’ photos and identity cards for verification by Burmese authorities. The ministry’s permanent secretary, Tej Bunnag said that [regarding repatriated migrants] "If all of them hold Burmese nationality, they should have house registration documents. But if they are ethnic minorities, they will be investigated and reports will be sent to Burma." Mr. Tej also stated that Burmese officials had been instructed not to subject returnees to punishment for having left Burma illegally. (Source: "Rangoon to verify status of migrants," Feb 9. Bangkok Post/Burma Issues)
l At the beginning of February, Police announced that they will launch a four-month campaign, to crack down on illegal foreign labourers in big cities. The campaign will run from February 10 to June 10 in nine provinces: Tak, Ranong, Phuket, Samut Sakhon, Bangkok, Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Samut Prakan and Sa Kaeo. Paisal Pruthiporn, head of the labour ministry’s office of alien workers, said illegal migrant workers who are arrested face a maximum jail term of three months and a maximum fine of 5,000 baht ($113.60) followed by deportation. Employers found hiring illegal workers also face a maximum penalty of three years in jail and a 60,000-baht fine. (News Summary/Burma Issues)
l On 9 February more than 200 Burmese illegal workers were arrested in Mae Sot, Tak Province at the start of a three-month long crackdown against illegal workers. The arrested workers were sent back to Myawaddy the next morning and were detained in the newly built detention center near the Friendship Bridge in Myawaddy. (Source: Network Media Group)
l On 11 February, Thai army commander, Lt-Gen Udomchai Ongkhasing, shut border checkpoints in Mae Sot and Mae Ramat districts while inquiries continued into the unexplained deaths of 20 people whose bodies were found in a stream the previous week. Crossings at Wang Kaew and Mae Kit Mai villages in Mae Sot district and Wang Pha village in Mae Ramat district were temporarily closed. News sources reported that a major investigation had been set up into the murders, involving hundreds of police from Mae Sot, Mae Ramat and Tha Song Yang districts and border patrol police from the 345th and 346th companies. Reportedly, both the Thai military and Burmese authorities in Myawaddy were co-operating in the investigation. (Source: "Thailand shuts Myanmar crossing in murder probe," Feb 11. Reuters/Burma Issues)
l On 20 February, Five workers from a lead melting factory in Mae Sot, were fired and many other workers were arrested by police, following an argument between the workers and their employer. The argument allegedly began when the workers asked for their salaries. One worker from the factory explained the cause of the workers’ complaints: "some workers are working with monthly salary of 600-700 while others get 1200 baht. They were not paid for 7 months and the owner owed them 5000 to 8000 baht each. The problem started when the owner paid them only 100 baht although they asked for 500 baht each for general expenses. The majority of workers are ethnic Karen and Pa-O nationals and they had to handle lead without any protection resulting in skin diseases and stomach ulcers." (Source: "Burmese workers expelled from work for asking their salaries," Feb 20. Network Media Group/Burma Issues)
l On 20 February one hundred workers were sent back to Myawaddy from Thailand, amongst them was a migrant from Pegu who was found to be infected with HIV and was refused permission to return to his home. According to a source in Myawaddy the man was detained there by the military regime. The other workers, including 64 men and 35 women, were sent on to Pa-an that same night at 8:00 PM in two trucks. What happened to these workers when they reached Pa-an is not yet known. A multi-departmental investigation team, lead by Major Ye Kyaw Thu under supervision of the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement, checked and interrogated all the workers when they reached Myawaddy. The check up and interrogation included an interview, personal data recording, a photo and medical check up, including a blood test. The SPDC officials have not made clear what action they plan to take against the worker who tested positive for HIV. (Source: "Migrant worker with HIV not allowed back home", February 22, Network Media Group/Burma Issues)
l On 26 February Thai police arrested over 500 illegal foreign workers in Tak province. It was reported that most of the illegal workers came from Burma. They were arrested when the police inspected local firms and factories in the province along the Thai-Burma border. Many of the arrested workers were found to be infected with malaria and other infectious diseases. The crackdown followed the closure of the official nation-wide registration of illegal alien workers from Burma, Laos, and Cambodia late last year. Police said illegal alien workers who failed to turn out for this registration as legal workers would be sternly cracked down upon. Their employers would also be fined and would be responsible for deportation costs of the illegal workers. (Source: "Thai police arrest 500 Illegal Alien Workers", February 26, Xinhuanet/Burma Issues)
March
l On 5 March police discovered the bodies of 13 migrant workers from Burma in sandbags in a deserted quarry near the Thai-Cambodian border. Police reported that it appeared that the victims had been murdered at another site and then brought to the quarry by truck. Some of the bodies of the five male and eight female victims had broken necks. Several bodies carried Burmese identification cards or border passes for entering Thailand via Mae Sot on the Thai-Burma border on March 2. Autopsies have found that the 13 died from suffocation after they were covered in vegetables and rice to escape detection from border patrols. Police have apprehended two suspects and are looking for four more believed to be involved in this case. The arrested are believed to be part of an illegal people smuggling ring. (Source: News Summary/Burma Issues)
l On 25 March the one month worker registration period ended. During this registration more than 200,000 of the 500,000 registered alien workers failed to have their six-month work permits renewed. Supat Kukhun, deputy secretary-general of the alien labour management office, said the number of alien workers who reported for work permit renewals between Feb 24-March 25 was only around 350,000. (Source:"200,000 fail to renew their work permits", March 26, Bangkok Post/Burma Issues)
April
l On 9 April it was reported that Burma and Thailand had agreed on a plan to repatriate more than 500,000 Burmese illegal immigrants in Thailand. As part of the deal, Thai Foreign Minister Surakiart Sathirathai told the BBC, the Burmese workers will be screened for HIV. Mr. Surakiart said those workers who were diagnosed as HIV positive would be separated from the other illegal immigrants and would be treated as part of a special repatriation scheme. (Source: "Burmese migrants face HIV test", April 9, BBC/Burma Issues)
May
l On 4 May a Thai official reported that more than 700 workers from Burma suffering from communicable diseases including HIV will be deported soon back to Burma. The workers were identified during medical checkups, which are mandatory for foreign workers at the time of renewal of their work permits, Dr. Winai Withoonkija, permanent secretary of the Public Health Ministry, told reporters. He said 737 Burma workers among the 40,000 tested during the last two months would be deported. (Source:"Thailand to deport 737 Myanmar workers because of disease", May 4, Associated Press/Burma Issues)
l On 21 May the SPDC ordered all border crossings with Thailand closed. This order followed a skirmish the day before which involved the SSA, UWSA, as well as some Thai and Burmese army troops. Following the attack, the SPDC accused Thailand of aiding the SSA opposition army troops. Thai Deputy Defense Minister Yuthasak Saaiprapha denied this allegation saying: "Thailand was not involved in the border fighting and it did not back any ethnic faction in Myanmar." The SSA also released a statement saying that attacks on May 20th had been part of an anti-drug campaign, and that SPDC army camps had been included in the attack because they in close proximity to targets. The statement went on to note that UWSA camps and drug refineries were under the protection of SPDC troops. Residents in Mae Sot report that following the order to close the border, the SPDC erected barbed wire on the Mae Sot/Myawaddy Friendship Bridge and placed soldiers along the bridge on standby. (Source: "Junta Issues Directive, May 2002, Irrawaddy)
June
l On 10 June Thailand’s Interior Ministry forbade staff from issuing birth registration documents to children of undocumented migrants, although it is permissible under Thai law to issue the papers. Without this registration, children are barred from access to welfare, health and education services. Many illegal migrants fear arrest and thus don’t attempt to register their children. (Source: BLC)
July
l On 17 July a Burmese woman died of burn injuries she suffered after being set on fire allegedly as punishment for stealing from her Thai employer. 18-year-old Ba Suu died in the hospital nine days after she was found lying on a road by a passer-by in Uthai Thani province. Ba Suu had told police that she worked as a maid at the house of a factory owner, who accused her of stealing a gold necklace. When she denied the accusations, she was beaten up and taken away by two men who doused her with gasoline and set her on fire. She suffered burns on more than half her body, including her chest, back and both arms. Police say that because the woman was kept a virtual prisoner in the house, she was unable to tell police details about its location. (Source: ‘Myanmar woman dies of burn injuries blamed on Thai employer’, AP, July 18/Burma Issues)
August
l On 5 August a 12-year old Burmese girl was raped by a 47-year-old man who acted as a volunteer outreach worker for the international aid organization, World Vision. The incident occurred in the victim’s neighborhood in the Islam Bankalone slum in Mae Sot. After consulting with religious leaders the girl’s parents reported the case to police the following day, despite fearing their actions would prompt Thai authorities to deport them as illegal migrants. Both the family and the accused, a Burmese citizen identified only as Salawut, are members of the Muslim refugee community living in Thailand. Police took the victim for an examination, which confirmed she had been sexually assaulted. The family said that a World Vision staff member visited their home shortly after the incident and promised to take responsibility for the case and provide assistance to the victim, but after that they heard nothing from the agency. The police investigation has also made no progress, they say. Social workers stated that they believed the family’s case was being ignored because they are illegal migrants. (Source: ‘Myanmar migrant family complain daughter’s rape has gone ignored’, Agence France Presse, August 22/Burma Issues)
l On 22 August it was reported that illegal migrant workers had won two million baht compensation after filing a lawsuit against their employer. Saranya Chandchuay, of the Foundation for Women, said 30 ethnic Karen women, many aged under 18, were rescued from the Bang Bon Garment factory in October 2000. Ms Saranya said that at the factory, the women worked from 7am to 9pm without a holiday. Sometimes, work carried on until after midnight. The factory gate was locked to prevent them leaving. The workers were paid 40 baht a month. Women who lasted a year would get small extra payments of 1,200 - 1,500 baht a month. Meager food, mainly chicken bones and vegetables were provided. The foundation, together with the Foundation for Child Development, took the case to the central labour court. Criminal charges were finally dropped by the attorney general, and the company was told to pay 2.1 million baht of the 41 million baht demanded in a civil suit. The payment was to be made in instalments, starting in November last year. Fifteen per cent interest was to be charged on delays. The company, however, suspended payments after surrendering only a small amount. The foundation had to pursue the case with the Legal Execution Department, as the workers had been sent back to Burma. This was the first case involving labor exploitation of migrant workers to go to court. The court decision was seen by academics and activists as a sign of progress in the legal system. (Source: ‘Slave Workers Win Historic Court Battle’, Bangkok Post, August 22/Burma Issues)
l On 29 August DVB reported that earlier in the month a Burmese female illegal migrant in Thailand was raped while in police custody. Ma Tin Tin Moe and her husband Ko Maung Soe, Mon State residents had been arrested in the town of Prakyub, Prakyub Province, South Thailand and charged with working illegally. After the arrest, husband and wife were held in different rooms. During the night, Ma Tin Tin Moe (age 27 years) was raped, first by a single Thai male, and then gang raped. Her husband Ko Maung Soe in the adjoining room could hear everything that was happening. Both husband and wife hanged themselves the next morning with one longyi. (Source: DVB)
September
l On 20 September, 20 Burmese workers, including 5 women, escaped from a cell in the Mae Sot Police Detention Center. One resident who went to the police station reported that police found the iron sieve that cover the windows of the women’s cell on the first floor had been cut by a hacksaw. According to a leader from a Burmese workers’ association, the escapees had been detained for 3-4 months in the detention cell in order to serve as witnesses against their factory owner who was on trial for hiring illegal workers. (Source: Network Media Group)
October
l On 1 October Mizzima News Group reported that human trafficking from Burma to Thailand had been increasing due to worsening economic conditions in Burma. The Mizzima article reported that two gangs of human traffickers were operating from Kyaikto town, and one gang from Kyaikmayaw town, both in Mon State. Reportedly, these traffickers smuggle between five and twenty people per day to Mae Sot town, Thailand, and onwards to Chiangmai, Bangkok and Malaysia at a cost of 100,000 Kyats per person. The article stated that it is common for human traffickers to deceive their customers, take their money and then kill them, or else sell them into forced labor or sex work.
The article went on to name the Yetuingung village headman in Kyaikmayaw town, U Aadu, and the son of the principal of the Islamic college, Aadu Sein, as being involved in human trafficking. Allegedly the leaders of the Kyaihtthu town human trafficking gang are Mon nationals U Kyaw Oo and Ma Tin San. While human traffickers in Burma are prosecuted and sometimes arrested on military orders, lower ranking military officers reportedly regularly ask for bribes and then release them. On 25 September, local Military Intelligence personnel arrested U Kyaw Oo and Ma Tin San in Kyaikto town while at the same time, other human traffickers were arrested in Kyaikmayaw. However local residents reported that all those arrested were immediately released after paying 1 million Kyats to the police. According to locals, human traffickers give 100,000 kyats to the Police and Village Peace and Development Authorities, which allow them to continue their work unimpeded. (Source: Mizzima)
l On 15 October the Thai-Burma border reopened after a 5 month closure. The Bangkok Post reported that the closure cost Burma around 300 million baht or close to US$ 7 million in lost revenue. The closure also led to increasing devaluation of the Burmese kyat. "In the five months the border remained closed, the Mae Sot checkpoint has lost 2.1 billion baht on import and export taxes. The total losses for all checkpoints equals about five billion baht," reported Boontian Chokewiwat, Mae Sot customs chief. He further reported that when the border was opened, the daily value of goods crossing the Myawaddy-Mae Sot checkpoint alone was 18 million baht (around $800,000). Burma closed its borders with Thailand following a skirmish involving Thai and Burmese soldiers. The incident also involved armed opposition groups whom the SPDC claims were being supported by the Thai military. (Source: ‘Counting the Cost of Closure,’Irrawaddy, November 2002)
December
l On 14 December approximately 600 hundred Burmese garment workers in Mae Sot were fired after demanding that 40 employees be reinstated who had been terminated for requesting overdue wages as well as a raise. The workers from Rian Thong Apparel factory said that they were also protesting the amount of monthly leave granted to them by the factory’s owner, Yan How, who is from Taiwan. Mr. Yan How said that he dismissed the workers after they took more than the allotted half-day off per month.
Workers complain that a half-day off per month is insufficient to allow them to buy monthly rations or to remit money back to Burma. Workers have also reported that Mr Yan was taking 3 percent of their wages each month for unknown reasons and that he never paid overtime or set a piece rate for knitters. On Saturday, Mr Yan’s son paid the workers a ten-day deposit as well as back wages in front of local police, who had been called to maintain security at the factory. But workers said they were not given their work permits despite paying for them. Some workers said they would like to sue Mr Yan, but without work permits they did not think that was possible. Others said they were going to return to Burma and look for work despite the low wages. "We can earn enough for food in Burma, but the income is not enough for clothes, medicine or anything else," said one worker. (Source: ‘Hundreds Fired in Mae Sot,’ Irrawaddy, December 16 2002)
l From 29 December onwards, Thailand instituted new visa rules for Burmese passport holder. Previously, Burmese passport holders were granted visas upon arrival to Thailand. Following these new regulations Burmese are now required to apply for visas inside Burma. This new rule has made it extremely difficult for Burmese refugees and political dissidents to maintain a legal status in Thailand as many cannot re-enter Burma except at great risk to their personal security.

Migrant Workers in Thailand

The Situation of Migrant Workers

(1) Background
Throughout 2002 large numbers of people continued to leave Burma to seek work abroad. Approximately ten percent of Burma’s population migrates to other countries, according to a report Migration, Needs, Issues and Responses in the Greater Mekong Subregion 2002, by the Asian Migrant Center. People leave Burma for a number of reasons. Rampant inflation, a deteriorating economy and general lack of employment and educational opportunities are factors that cause many people to emigrate. In addition to these hardships, many people living in rural areas are forced to pay heavy taxes to local officials and the military and to sell a large percentage of their crops to the government at below-market prices. For these reasons, many Burmese view their migration as less of a decision than an economic necessity.
Ethnic minority people living in civil war zones often have no choice about emigrating, as they are forced to flee their homes to avoid brutal campaigns of violence against them by the Burmese Military. Every year thousands of people flee across the border, primarily into Thailand, to escape these human rights violations which include mass forced relocation, arbitrary arrest, torture, rape, and extra-judicial killing. Some of these people are able to seek asylum in refugee camps in Thailand and Bangladesh, however many of those fleeing human rights violations are not recognized as refugees by the Thai and Bangladeshi Governments. These individuals are left with the choice of trying to enter refugee camps illegally or else trying to survive as migrant workers.
Migration from Burma is facilitated by the fact that 7 of Burma’s 14 States and Divisions share borders with neighboring countries. In the west, Burma borders Bangladesh and India, in the north and northeast China, and in the east Laos and Thailand. In a 1999 report by Save the Children UK, Small Dreams Beyond Reach: The Lives of Migrant Children and Youth Along the Borders of China, Myanmar, and Thailand, the authors note that in the past ten years the largest flow of migrants in the Mekong region has been concentrated along the borders of China, Burma and Thailand, with Burmese people making up the largest percentage of the population migrating. The report goes on to note that while China, India, Bangladesh and Thailand have collectively reported hosting over two million Burmese migrants, the actual population of people from Burma living in these countries is likely to be much higher. However it is extremely difficult to obtain accurate estimates as to the number of Burmese working abroad, as many are illegal, and the population as a whole is highly mobile. In addition, some migrant groups are ethnically similar to indigenous populations of neighboring countries, making them difficult to identify as non-natives.
Situation for Women Migrant Workers
Women make up a significant percentage of migrants from Burma. In neighboring countries, most notably Thailand, there is a strong demand for female labor. Women who emigrate are more likely then men to work as undocumented or illegal workers. This is partly due to the fact that many women take jobs that are in the informal sector and not included in government registration. While women are subjected to the same poor conditions and abuses as men who are migrant workers, women also suffer abuses specific to their gender. Of greatest concern is the fact that Burmese women working outside their country are extremely vulnerable to sexual abuse by their employers, human traffickers, local officials, or others. Many women face sexual harassment and/or sexual assault in the workplace, while they are in government detention centers, and/or in their homes and communities. Women migrant workers who are undocumented have little recourse when they are abused, as their abusers often threaten them with arrest and deportation if they complain to the authorities or try to escape their situation. As a result of this situation, a number of young migrant women report feeling pressure to get married in order to have some protection against unwanted sexual advances from others.
As in Burma, most migrant women also suffer from a lack of access to reproductive health care, and information on STDs and contraceptives. In Gathering Strength, a report by Images Asia, the authors note that in Mae Sot, a town on the Thai/Burma border, some health workers have reported that it is more difficult to negotiate with factory managers than brothel owners about provision of reproductive health information to employees. One health worker reports the following situation in Mae Sot:
"Our patients come from the Mae Sot area, factories, refugee camps, some from inside Burma, and some from the border....We see pregnant women who don’t want their babies, and they induce abortions. When they arrive here they already have infections. Especially in the factories in Mae Sot, there are many women who get pregnant but don’t want to have babies. Some induce abortions themselves, some get TBAs [Traditional Birth Assistants] to do it. After an induced abortion, there is increased chance of an ectopic [tubal] pregnancy, which is very dangerous and can be fatal for the woman.
In Burma, women are very shy, and no one gets any sex education. But here, in the factories, men and women are together. Maybe they will sleep together, and afterwards, the woman is pregnant and she may not even know why. Families never talk about sex. In our culture, it is very secret. Mothers will not tell their daughters anything about sex. This year, there are more young women. Some have even graduated from university, but they all must come to work in Thailand. We have seen two rape cases this year, and many cases of STD’s, including HIV/ AIDS. Now we see more patients who already have AIDS; they die after only one or two months. Last year, two or three people died in our clinic of AIDS. This year, we have seen more than 10 people die of AIDS, including a pregnant woman. In the past one to two years, we have seen many STD’s in women….
A woman came in who had an incomplete abortion. I explained that she needed to stay in the clinic, because the tissue hadn’t come out yet. If we treated her for two or three days and she did not get better, we could send her to Mae Sot Hospital. She said, "No, I cannot take a holiday. My manager will not agree. Just give me medicine because I must continue with my job." I explained to her that we could take care of her here and it would not cost any money, but she could not afford to stop working. So finally, I gave her medicine and told her to come back immediately if she had any problems…I sometimes feel very sad about our people. Now with the arrests [of illegal migrants], people have even more problems. The army is shooting at them in Burma, and they cannot stay here safely. I don’t know what the situation will bring. In the [refugee] camps, we can see the same people repeatedly, and problems are dependent on the season. But here [working with migrant workers], it is different. We often see people only once, and we urge them to come back. But they have problems with transport and arrests by police. We cannot always help like this, you see. Ultimately, change will depend on political changes, not on the clinic or our staff. Political changes must happen step by step. Changes must happen inside Burma, on the borderline, and in Thailand. We can do so many things, but it depends on the situation." (Belak, Brenda, Gathering Strength Women from Burma on Their Rights. Images Asia, January 2002)
In January 2002 the situation for migrant women further deteriorated when the Thai Labour Ministry issued a regulation stating that female foreign workers would be given a medical checkup and those found to be pregnant would not have their licences to work in Thailand renewed. While this regulation was later overturned following protests from human rights groups, many women report that they continue to be dismissed by their employers if they become pregnant. As abortion is illegal in both Thailand and Burma, many women resort to traditional methods to induce abortions which can seriously damage their health.
In 2002, Suzanne Belton, a PhD Candidate at Melbourne University’s Key Centre for Women’s Health, conducted research in Thailand focusing on reproductive health issues of migrant women. Her report notes:
"The preliminary findings of recent research of abortions in Tak [province of Thailand] reveal a serious situation, which is getting worse. In the local Thai hospitals in 2001-2002, twelve Burmese women died from lack of antenatal care, post abortion complications or delivery complications and more than 300 Burmese women were seen with post abortion complications. One woman from a refugee camp died during her 16th pregnancy.
In 2001 at the Mae Tao Clinic, established by Dr Cynthia Maung from Burma to treat Burmese migrants, there were 457 post abortion cases, more than double from 2000. The clinic performed 563 birth deliveries, a comparable number to post abortion cases. However, the numbers are likely much higher as most women still give birth and perform abortions at home with community midwives or abortionists. Of the women interviewed, more than half had been living in Thailand for more than 3 years. This demonstrates the need for long-term intervention strategies and care.
Forty percent of the women interviewed induced their own abortion before going to the clinic or hospital with home-type remedies, massage (pounding and compressing the uterus), high dosages of contraceptive pills or went to an abortionist who puts sticks, nails, etc into the womb. Some women get massive infection of their reproductive organs and lose the ability to ever become pregnant again. Abortions are particularly dangerous since they are illegal in both Thailand and Burma and the abortionists do not appear to be well trained. Legal reforms to liberalize access to clean abortion in both Thailand and Burma would decrease the sickness and deaths.
It costs approximately US$53 for a woman who is hospitalized for post abortion complications in a Thai hospital and about US$230 if she dies from pregnancy related causes. Burmese women in Tak earn about US$45 per month, making hospital fees far beyond their reach.
The research sampling showed that 25% of the women having an abortion experienced five or more pregnancies, which is a serious health risk for the woman. It was found that most women do not receive family planning information while they are inpatients being treated for post abortion care in local Thai hospitals. The availability of information and services could reduce abortions as well as being economical for the women, the Thai health system and NGOs providing services. A one-year contraceptive injection costs US$2.10 and female sterilization costs US$11.60. It was noted that the women were ‘very interested’ in talking about family planning. It was also noted that the women interviewed had little to no education and nearly 25% could not read or write, so alternatives to written information needs to be provided.
Poverty, domestic violence, job retention, ill-timing and community pressure were reasons cited for ending the pregnancy. Abortions and maternal health must be dealt with in the framework of these underlying causes in order for assistance and intervention to be effective and sustainable." (Source: Suzanne Belton, PhD Candidate. Melbourne University Key Centre for Women’s Health in Society Faculty of Medicine. Research conducted through the Mae Tao Clinic. Full report will be published during 2003)
(2) Situation for Migrant Children
From April 1999 to March 2001, Save the Children UK conducted research along Burma’s borders with China and Thailand on the situation of Burmese children living in these countries. In the study, researchers found that the majority of migrants from Burma were young people. Beginning at age 13, children from Burma migrate on their own to search for work in neighboring countries. While some children under 13 also migrate on their own, the majority of children this age migrate with their parents or other relatives. The report goes on to note that:
"The interviews in this study revealed extensive debt-bondage, sexual abuse, illegal confinement, confiscation of documents, arrest and extortion, forced overtime, few basic resources and poor living conditions that were overcrowded, insecure and often violent. Sexual abuse was commonly reported among girls and young women, particularly among those involved in sex work and domestic service. The general health problems impacting children and young people were identified as malaria (the most common illness reported), tuberculosis (TB), dengue fever, diarrhea and malnutrition. Reproductive health issues were a major concern among youth and adults at all the project sites….
Along all the borders, most of the children did not attend school and among those who did only a very few had finished primary level education. Those who were displaced or had migrated across the borders cited constant mobility, remoteness, insecurity and lack of documentation as the reasons why their children did not attend school. Economic instability and language barriers were other important factors. There was also an attitude among participants in several of the study sites that formal education would not lead to a good life, even if young people were to finish higher levels of schooling. Cross-border migration was seen as an opportunity to obtain experience and develop practical skills. Consequently, many children reported not going to school or dropping out of school early. These children began working at an early age and were vulnerable to exploitation as a result of their limited knowledge and skills.
Drug production, trafficking and addiction were critical issues identified by the communities at all of the research sites along the borders. Participants noted the problem of drug addiction, particularly among young people, with children as young as nine and ten years old considered vulnerable to experimentation and addiction. Young migrants also reported being introduced to amphetamines by their employer in order to work harder and longer hours. In addition, migrants along all three borders noted the ease of recruiting migrants into the drug trafficking business, and expressed frustration with the inability to deal with drug-related problems in their families and communities.
Child labour was found in all three countries, particularly along the border areas and among migrant populations. This was largely a result of extreme poverty and of children left orphaned or abandoned by their parents. Many young children were observed working largely in the service and entertainment sectors (such as teashops, restaurants and hotels that often included direct and indirect sex work), in agricultural related jobs, or as day labourers or beggars. In addition, child soldiers, both in the army and with armed opposition groups, were found in Myanmar. According to the attitudes and perspectives of those in this study, children were of a ‘workable age’ as early as six or seven years old…
Orphaned children along the border areas were found to be the most vulnerable, often living without assurance of their most basic needs. These children were the most likely to be exploited and trafficked. Abandonment was a common problem, related to drug trafficking and addiction, HIV/AIDS, and loss of contact with family during migration. In addition, migrants’ illegal status often leads to arrest, detention and deportation, with children reporting being treated as adults during this process, often separated from their family and communities." (Source: Caoutte, Therese. Small Dreams Out of Reach, The Lives of Migrant Children and Youth along the Borders of China, Myanmar, and Thailand. (Bangkok: Save the Children UK, 2001)
Another concern with increasing numbers of families migrating from Burma is the situation for children who are born outside of Burma to Burmese parents. In both Thailand and China the respective governments refuse to grant citizenship to children of both legal and illegal immigrants and refugees from Burma. This is highly problematic, as these children are also denied Burmese citizenship under the Burma Citizenship Act, because they were born outside the country and because their parent(s) left Burma illegally.
At present in Thailand there are no clear regulations about how hospitals should deal with the birth of babies born to parents who have illegally entered the country. Usually hospitals simply do not record the births of these children. In Ranong and Samut Sakhon, it has been reported that hospitals remove the birth records of these babies from the last page of the doctor’s appointment books, to prevent the children from claiming Thai nationality in the future. Stateless children suffer discrimination both in the country of their birth as well as in Burma, if and when they return. Without a national ID, people in Burma are unable to access educational opportunities, government employment, or to travel freely within the country. (Source: BLC)
(3) Burmese Migrants in Thailand
Throughout 2002 people from Burma continued to flee to neighboring Thailand to escape a deteriorating economy and widespread human rights violations by the military regime. While the SPDC officially closed border crossings with Thailand from May to October, large numbers of people continued to enter Thailand at unofficial crossing sites along the border. According to some estimates there are currently as many as 2 million migrants from Burma and other neighboring countries working in Thailand. Migrant workers from Burma come from a variety of geographical locations and ethnic groups. There are both push and pull factors at work when people make the decision to migrate to Thailand. The pull factors include the close geographical location of Thailand to Burma as well as the demand in Thailand for cheap labor. The push factors include the poor state of the Burmese economy and ongoing human rights violations that are specifically acute in areas along the Thai border. Many workers also report that they have come to Thailand to escape the SPDC’s demands for forced labor in their home states and divisions.
As most people emigrate from Burma due to factors that are both political and economic, it is difficult to make absolute distinctions between economic migrants, political asylum seekers, and refugees. The Royal Thai Government maintains a strict and sometimes arbitrary policy on classifying Burmese who arrive in Thailand, which means that in many cases victims of direct human rights abuses are refused access to refugee camps and international humanitarian aid. These people are faced with the choice of trying to illegally enter the refugee camps or else becoming migrant workers. The more than 100,000 Shans currently working in Thailand as migrant laborers are visible examples of these policies. While human rights abuses by the Burmese military in Shan State, including forced labor, forced relocations, arbitrary arrest, killings and rape have been widely documented, the Thai government continues to deny any Shans refugee status.
An 18 December 2002 article in Irrawaddy magazine included an interview with a corn farmer from southern Shan State, who had recently fled to Thailand. This man said: "We can’t survive due to the authority’s taxes and extortion." The article also reported that farmers in Mon State have also been leaving for Thailand following floods that wiped out their rice crops. These farmers reportedly fled not only because of a lack of food, but also because they were unable to supply the government with the required rice quotas. Other regional analysts predict that due to worsening economic conditions, rapidly increasing prices for basic commodities, and widespread flooding, thousands more people will flee to Thailand in 2003. (Source: Irrawaddy)
Thai Migration Policy and Legal Registration of Migrant Workers
Thailand’s policy on migration prioritizes economic development and national security, sometimes at the expense of protecting the rights of migrant workers. For the past 7 years, Thai migration policy has been drafted through a series of cabinet resolutions which reflect the attitude of whatever administration is currently in office. Contradictions between these resolutions have inhibited the formation of a coherent policy on migration and thus hindered the development of a consistent strategy for implementation.
Thai law defines an illegal alien as a person without Thai citizenship who has entered the Kingdom in violation of section 12 of the Immigration Act of 1979. According to this Act, migrants found to be in the country illegally, will be repatriated to their countries of origin. In March 1992 the Thai cabinet passed the first of a successive number of resolutions which have allowed migrants to pay a fee and apply for a work permit which allows them to work legally in Thailand. The permit limits work to specific industries in designated parts of the country. Migrants with work permits are protected under the 1997 Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand and covered by most of the provisions in the Labour Protection Act of 1998. The work permit also gives migrants access to the 30-baht health scheme, where each visit to a doctor or clinic costs only 30 baht plus the cost of medicine. Unfortunately enforcement of these protections for migrant workers has been lax, and many workers are not aware of what rights the permit entitles them to and how to respond if these rights are violated.
In addition, Burmese migrant workers often find it difficult to obtain a work permit for a number of reasons. The permit costs 4,450 baht for one year, which makes it too expensive for many workers, who make an average salary of 1,500-2,000 baht a month. In addition, a worker has to be guaranteed by a factory owner or other Thai employer in order to register for a permit. In the past, a key complaint with the work permit system was that registered workers were not allowed to change jobs without losing their legal status. During the September 2002 registration period, changes were made in the regulations which allowed legal workers to change jobs and register with a new employer. These new regulations stated that if and when a registered worker is fired or leaves their job for any reason, they are required to find a new job (and employer to guarantee them) within 7 days or they will lose their permit. This process is still problematic, as in order to register with a new employer, the worker has to first obtain a signature of consent from his or her previous employer. In practice, employers rarely give consent for their workers to switch jobs, as they don’t want employees to move to other factories or businesses which may pay higher salaries. As a result, even with the change in regulations, most workers remain unable to change jobs while retaining their legal status. Due to this, employers can prevent workers from striking or complaining about salaries and working conditions by threatening to fire them.
In some areas of Thailand, specifically in areas on the border with Burma, employers of Burmese workers withhold their employees’ work permits. In these cases, workers are only given a photocopy of their work permit, which is often not accepted by police as valid identification. Workers report that when they are stopped by officials, they are either forced to give bribe money, or else wait for their employer to be contacted to come and vouch for them. In these cases, employers often don’t bother coming to the police station or detention center and the arrested workers are deported and their copy of the work permit confiscated.
Migrants in areas where this practice is common are as a result increasingly choosing not to renew their permits. For example, in Tak province during the November 2002 registration period only 30, 260 Burmese workers registered, compared to the 50, 235 who had registered in 2001. (Source: Bangkok Post)
During the registration renewal period for migrant workers that ran from September 15 to October 15 2002, Thailand instituted a new form, the Tor Dor 13, which migrants had to fill out. This form required that applicants provide their addresses in their home countries, leading some workers to fear that their families in Burma might face harassment from the SPDC which actively discourages illegal migration. Migrants were also afraid that if they gave a false address then they would be banned by the SPDC from returning to Burma in the future.
In a report released in July 2002, Amnesty International noted concerns of illegal migrants being forcibly returned to Burma as many have a "well-founded fear of persecution if they were to be returned."
Working and Living Conditions
In July 2002, Amnesty International released a report, "Myanmar: Lack of Security in Counter-Insurgency Areas," which noted that migrants in Thailand face many difficulties and abuses. AI researchers interviewed 100 Burmese migrants in Thailand who reported that they had paid between 4,500 and 10,000 baht (US$104 to 233) to be brought to Thailand by human smugglers.
Once in Thailand, Burmese migrants work in a number of industries and service sectors, often in dirty and sometimes dangerous conditions for pay that is far below the Thai minimum wage. Workers in factories report that there are many injuries that occur and that workers rarely receive any compensation for work related accidents or deaths. A number of agricultural workers suffer from respiratory or other problems as a result of long-term exposure to chemical pesticide spray. These workers typically are not given masks, gloves or other protective gear even when they are in contact with chemicals that are known to be harmful.
All migrant workers face a common fear of arrest and deportation. This fear keeps many migrants from moving freely and impedes their access to health care and other social services that may be available. For this reason migrants suffer in silence from easily treatable diseases. The spread of communicable diseases is facilitated by lack of access to health care facilities and medicine, cramped living conditions and poor sanitation. Lack of knowledge of the local language also prevents migrants from seeking help when they face unhealthy or dangerous situations. This combination of fear of arrest and lack of knowledge about the laws, customs and language of their host country means that migrants are easily exploited and abused by their employers, Thai officials and others.
Repatriation of Migrant Workers
Before February 2002, illegal migrants deported from Thailand were often simply dropped off at some point on the border, after which they often returned to Thailand.
In late 2001, the Thai and Burmese Governments entered into negotiations about the repatriation of illegal workers. The SPDC agreed to set up a number of holding centers or reception camps directly on the border inside Burma. In February 2002, following a three day visit to Burma, Thai Foreign Minister Surakiart Sathirathai said that the SPDC had agreed to accept back thousands of undocumented workers and had "assured [him] they will not be prosecuted." (Source: Bangkok Post)
Following this, a reception center for returning migrants was established in Myawaddy. While the Thai government has actively encouraged international organizations to assist with the repatriation process, at present there are no international organizations regularly monitoring conditions at this center.
The reception center in Myawaddy (In Burmese Ke Say Yee Sa Kan) is run by the Directorate of the Defense Service Intelligence (DSI) of the Ministry of Defense. Between February and May 2002, over 19,000 migrants from Burma were repatriated and 3,681 people were processed through the Myawaddy Reception Center. (Source: Bangkok Post, New Light of Myanmar) At the reception center, deportees are reportedly placed under a combined police, military and DKBA guard. All returned migrants are screened through a series of interviews with immigration and public health officials, and members of military intelligence.
Thai authorities do not conduct any screening before deportation to determine if any among those deported are refugees or asylum seekers. Instead, local Thai officials regularly assume that all people without ID documents outside the refugee camps are illegal immigrants. This arbitrary definition ignores the fact that although many people do migrate to Thailand for economic reasons, many others are also refugees, political exiles and activists. Often an individual falls into more than one, if not all categories. For example, many refugees attempt to supplement their inadequate diet by leaving their assigned refugee camps illegally, and working for short-term contracts. Others come to Thailand as either refugees or illegal immigrants, and then become involved with some of the many Burmese opposition groups based in Mae Sot. Often people became refugees because they were politically active inside Burma.
SPDC officials specifically screen returned migrants for those who may be affiliated with political opposition groups. Thai authorities also submit personal data on deportees to SPDC officials at the time of repatriation. These officials then cross-check this information with their own files to search for dissidents. As most political activity is criminalized in Burma, this process places past and present politically active deportees at severe risk of arrest, interrogation, torture, and arbitrary detention.
In addition to political screening, returned migrants are also tested for a number of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. A number of human rights organizations have protested this mandatory HIV/AIDS testing, and the reported separation of at least 20 individuals who tested positive for HIV/AIDS. Such mandatory testing contravenes UN HIV Principles and Guidelines to which Thailand and Burma are signatory.
Deportees have also reported that as part of an ongoing campaign to discourage illegal emigration, SPDC officials at the reception camp are now photographing and maintaining records of personal data on all deportees. Those deported are informed that if the SPDC officials collect three photographs of one returnee, (i.e. if someone is deported through the reception camp three times) then that person will be arrested for illegal emigration. According to SPDC regulation 367/120-(b)(1), these individuals can be sentenced to up to 7 years imprisonment.
At the end of the screening process it appears that people are dealt with in one of two ways; those who are able to find a resident of Myawaddy prepared to vouch for them are simply released after paying between 2,000-3,500 kyat; while the remainder are transported by truck back to their home districts. Individuals transported back to their home districts are required to pay a transportation fee which varies according to distance. It costs for example, only 150 kyat to be transported to nearby Moulmien but 1400 kyat to be deported to Arakan State. People who have no relatives or friends in Myawaddy to vouch for them and who cannot afford to pay this transportation fee sometimes have to stay in the area working as lookouts to guard train tracks, bridges and government buildings until they can save up the cost of the repatriation fee.
Many people attempt to evade the screening process and/or forced transfer to their home districts by paying bribes to officials. Other deportees apparently are able to bribe their way out at the customs checkpoint on arrival, or else manage to run away during transfer back to their home districts. Having escaped or bribed their way out of official custody, it appears to be a relatively simple matter for migrants to secretly cross the border and re-enter Thailand illegally. Many people wade across the Moei River, which separates the two countries, everyday.
The SPDC actively discourages people, and especially women from migrating abroad. One reason for this is that the regime fears that migrants will report on human rights abuses inside the country to opposition groups or other human rights organizations. Major General Kyaw Win has stated that part of the SPDC’s "Anti-Human Trafficking Campaign" includes efforts to "teach people about negative consequences of working abroad." This campaign appears to focus less on education than on threats and punishment of people found to have worked, or planning to work, abroad. In a number of states and Divisions the SPDC is creating "Human Trafficking Prevention Committees" which have been ordered to collect data on everyone between 16 and 25 years of age, and to investigate anyone traveling to border areas. (Source: Altsean)
Women and girls have been specifically targeted in these campaigns. Some women who return to their villages in Burma have reportedly been made to sign documents pledging to the authorities that they will not return to Thailand. The Myanmar Women’s Affair Association chairperson Dr. Daw Khin Win Shwe, wife of Gen. Khin Nyunt issued an order that young women be prohibited from working in Thailand in order to prevent trafficking. Young women are further prohibited from traveling to Thailand except in the company of a guardian. Women who are found to have disobeyed this order can be put in prison for one to three years. Male deportees have reported that if they were returned to their home towns they also would have been required to sign such a pledge. After doing so they then are in jeopardy of a seven-year prison term if arrested attempting to return to Thailand or upon deportation